Savoir comment tester un parafoudre n'est pas aussi simple que de placer un multimètre sur ses bornes pour vérifier la continuité.

Un parafoudre est conçu pour réagir à des événements de surtension de courte durée qui dépassent largement la sortie normale d'un appareil de mesure portatif. Cela signifie que certaines vérifications de base peuvent être effectuées sur site, mais elles ne peuvent pas prouver pleinement qu'un parafoudre est toujours capable de supporter son courant de décharge nominal ou de maintenir son niveau de protection en tension d'origine.

En pratique, le test d'un parafoudre commence généralement par des vérifications simples : inspecter l'appareil, observer l'indicateur d'état, vérifier tout contact de signalisation à distance et identifier les anomalies électriques évidentes. Une évaluation plus détaillée peut nécessiter un testeur de parafoudre ou de varistance (MOV) dédié.

Et si un parafoudre présente déjà un état de défaillance manifeste, le test peut ne pas être nécessaire du tout. Le remplacement du module de protection défectueux peut être la solution la plus pratique.

Ce guide explique comment tester un parafoudre, ce qu'un multimètre peut et ne peut pas vous indiquer, quand les tests d'isolement nécessitent une attention particulière, et quels paramètres de parafoudre ne peuvent normalement pas être vérifiés sur site.

Pouvez-vous tester un parafoudre ?

Oui, un parafoudre peut être contrôlé et, dans certains cas, testé.

Cependant, il est important de distinguer trois choses différentes :

1. Vérifier l'état d'un parafoudre installé
2. Tester les caractéristiques électriques individuelles
3. Vérifier la performance totale du parafoudre face aux surtensions

Ce ne sont pas les mêmes.

Un technicien peut être en mesure de confirmer que :

• le boîtier n'est pas endommagé ;
• l'indicateur d'état montre la condition normale ;
• le mécanisme de déconnexion thermique n'a pas fonctionné ;
• un contact de signalisation à distance est dans l'état attendu ;
• l'appareil ne présente pas de court-circuit évident ;
• certaines caractéristiques de la varistance (MOV) sont toujours dans une plage acceptable lorsqu'elles sont testées avec un équipement approprié.

Mais ces contrôles ne reproduisent pas une impulsion de foudre ou une surtension à haute énergie.

Un multimètre portatif normal ne peut pas générer les formes d'onde de courant de choc normalisées utilisées pour établir des paramètres tels que In, Imax, Iimp ou Up.

Que pouvez-vous réellement tester sur un parafoudre ?

Cette distinction est importante car un parafoudre peut réussir un simple contrôle basse tension sans pour autant prouver qu'il fonctionne exactement comme lorsqu'il était neuf.

Alors, quand quelqu'un demande :

“ Mon parafoudre est-il toujours opérationnel ? ”

La réponse dépend de ce qu'ils cherchent à vérifier.

Pour la maintenance courante, un contrôle visuel et fonctionnel de l'état peut suffire.

Pour un diagnostic au niveau des composants, des tests supplémentaires peuvent être utiles.

Pour confirmer les valeurs nominales de surtension d'origine, des tests d'impulsion professionnels sont requis.

Sécurité avant de tester un parafoudre (SPD)

Avant d'effectuer toute mesure électrique, le parafoudre et le circuit qui l'entoure doivent être considérés comme des équipements électriques sous tension jusqu'à ce qu'une isolation appropriée soit confirmée.

Les procédures de test dépendent également de :

• si le parafoudre est utilisé sur du courant alternatif (AC) ou continu (DC) ;
• la tension du système ;
• la configuration de raccordement du parafoudre ;
• si le module de protection est amovible ;
• si l'appareil contient des varistances (MOV), des éclateurs ou d'autres composants de protection ;
• si des bornes de signalisation à distance sont présentes ;
• les instructions de test du fabricant.

Ne retirez pas un module de parafoudre d'une installation sous tension simplement pour effectuer une mesure.

Avant toute intervention sur le parafoudre :

• Isoler le circuit concerné ;
• Vérifier l'absence de tension en utilisant une méthode appropriée ;
• Suivre les procédures de sécurité électrique applicables ;
• Consulter le schéma de câblage du parafoudre (SPD) ;
• Identifier sa tension nominale et son type de protection ;
• Suivre les instructions de maintenance du fabricant.

Pour les systèmes photovoltaïques, ne pas oublier que les conducteurs CC peuvent rester sous tension tant que le champ de panneaux est exposé à une lumière suffisante, même lorsque les autres parties du système ont été mises hors tension.

Si vous n'êtes pas qualifié pour intervenir sur l'installation, les tests du parafoudre doivent être effectués par un professionnel électricien qualifié.

Contrôle 1 : Commencer par une inspection visuelle

Avant d'utiliser un instrument de test, inspectez le parafoudre (SPD).

Un nombre surprenant de problèmes de parafoudre peuvent être identifiés visuellement.

Cherchez :

• zones brûlées ou noircies ;
• plastique fondu ;
• décoloration ;
• fissures dans le boîtier ;
• déformation ou gonflement ;
• bornes desserrées ;
• conducteurs endommagés ;
• signes de surchauffe ;
• cartouche de protection qui n'est plus correctement enclenchée ;
• odeur inhabituelle ou dommages thermiques visibles.

Inspectez également le câblage autour du parafoudre.

Parfois, le problème ne provient pas de l'élément de protection lui-même.

Une borne desserrée, un conducteur endommagé ou une mauvaise connexion peuvent provoquer un échauffement et une décoloration qui peuvent initialement ressembler à une défaillance du parafoudre (SPD).

Si le parafoudre a subi des dommages physiques ou thermiques importants, il est généralement inutile d'effectuer un test de résistance de base pour décider s'il doit rester en service.

Le dispositif doit être isolé et inspecté, et le module endommagé ou le parafoudre remplacé si nécessaire.

Vérification 2 : Vérifier l'indicateur d'état du parafoudre

La plupart des parafoudres modulaires incluent une indication d'état mécanique ou électrique.

Selon la conception, l'indicateur peut afficher :

• état de fonctionnement normal ;
• remplacement recommandé ;
• fin de vie;
• élément de protection déconnecté;
• fault condition.

However, you should not assume that every SPD uses exactly the same color convention.

Always check the markings or manufacturer’s instructions for the specific model.

Does a Normal Indicator Prove the SPD Is Perfect?

Non.

A normal indicator is very useful, but it should not be interpreted as a complete laboratory test of the protection element.

The indicator normally reflects the condition of the SPD’s internal monitoring or disconnection mechanism.

If you are trying to determine whether an SPD is already showing signs of failure, see our previous guide:

It does not directly measure every electrical characteristic of the MOV or reproduce a surge event.

For a deeper explanation of what a normal status window can and cannot confirm, see our guide to the SPD green indicator.

How to Know If an SPD Is Bad? 7 Signs of Surge Protector Failure

That article focuses on identifying a bad SPD. This guide focuses on what can be checked after you decide further testing may be useful.

Check 3: Check the Remote Signaling Contact

Many SPDs designed for distribution boards, industrial equipment, solar systems and remote monitoring applications are available with an auxiliary signaling contact.

For example, some modular SPDs combine a local green/red status indicator with a remote fault indicator contact for external monitoring.

You may see terminals marked:

• COM
• NON
• NC

or similar markings depending on the manufacturer.

The signaling contact changes state when the SPD’s monitored condition changes.

This allows the SPD status to be sent to:

• a PLC;
• building management system;
• inverter monitoring system;
• control panel;
• alarm circuit;
• remote monitoring unit.

How Can the Remote Contact Be Checked?

After safely isolating the relevant circuits, the auxiliary contact can be checked according to the terminal diagram supplied by the SPD manufacturer.

A multimeter in continuity or resistance mode may be used to determine whether the expected NO or NC contact is closed in the SPD’s present state.

For example, the technician may compare:

• the visual indicator state;
• the documented contact state;
• the actual continuity between COM and NO/NC.

The exact contact logic should always be taken from the product documentation.

Important

Testing the remote contact is not the same as testing the SPD protection element.

A correctly operating auxiliary contact only confirms that the signaling mechanism is behaving as expected.

It does not prove that the SPD still has its original:

• discharge-current capability;
• voltage protection level;
• energy-handling capacity.

Think of the remote contact as a status reporting feature, not as a surge generator or MOV analyzer.

Check 4: Can You Test an SPD With a Multimeter?

This is one of the most common questions about comment tester un parafoudre.

La réponse courte est :

When learning how to test an SPD with a multimeter, it is important to understand that a multimeter is useful only for limited checks.

A digital multimeter typically applies a relatively small measurement voltage.

An SPD, by contrast, is designed to react when the voltage rises well above the normal operating level.

This difference is extremely important.

Can You Use Continuity Mode to Test an SPD?

Continuity mode is useful for checking conductors, switches, fuses and auxiliary contacts.

It is much less useful as a complete test of a voltage-limiting SPD.

For an MOV-based SPD, the MOV normally presents a very high resistance at voltages far below its operating threshold.

Therefore, a normal MOV protection path may appear open or very high resistance when checked with an ordinary multimeter.

That does pas mean that the MOV cannot conduct during an actual surge.

During a sufficiently high overvoltage, its electrical behavior changes dramatically and it begins diverting surge current.

A multimeter cannot reproduce that condition.

What Can Continuity Testing Still Help Find?

It may help identify certain obvious problems, depending on the SPD design, such as:

• an unexpected permanent short circuit;
• continuity of an auxiliary signaling contact;
• continuity of a conductor or connection;
• certain internal disconnection conditions when the circuit design allows meaningful access.

However, the reading has to be interpreted according to the actual circuit.

You should not use a rule such as:

“No continuity means the SPD is bad.”

That is not a valid general test for MOV-based SPDs.

Can You Measure SPD Resistance?

You can physically connect a resistance meter to an isolated component or suitable test points, but the measured value needs careful interpretation.

A healthy MOV normally has very high resistance under ordinary low-voltage conditions.

However, an assembled SPD may also contain:

• indicator circuits;
• thermal disconnectors;
• resistors;
• capacitors;
• gas discharge components;
• electronic monitoring circuits.

As a result, there is no universal resistance value such as:

“A good SPD must measure exactly X megohms.”

The correct result depends on the internal design.

A very low resistance where the circuit should normally be high impedance may indicate a serious fault, but a high-resistance reading alone does not prove that the SPD is healthy.

How Should You Interpret a Multimeter Reading?

This table is more useful than trying to apply one fixed resistance value to every SPD.

The key point is simple:

A normal multimeter result can rule out some obvious faults, but it cannot prove the SPD’s complete surge-protection performance.

Why a Multimeter Cannot Prove an SPD Is Good

Imagine testing a fire extinguisher by checking whether its handle is still attached.

That tells you something useful about its condition.

But it does not prove how effectively it would perform in a real fire.

The same principle applies to a basic multimeter check of an SPD.

The meter cannot confirm how the device will behave during an 8/20 µs or 10/350 µs impulse.

It also cannot directly verify the SPD’s original surge-current rating.

Par conséquent :

Normal appearance + normal indicator + normal low-voltage meter readings = useful maintenance information

but:

they do not equal complete surge-performance verification.

This is one of the most important points to understand when learning how to test an SPD with a multimeter.

Check 5: Insulation Resistance Testing — Important Precautions

Another common maintenance situation occurs when technicians are not specifically trying to test the SPD.

Instead, they are performing an insulation resistance test on the electrical installation.

This is where an SPD can create problems if it is not considered before testing.

Insulation resistance testers — often called megohmmeters or “Meggers” — apply a much higher DC test voltage than a normal multimeter.

Depending on the installation test, this may be hundreds of volts or more.

That voltage can interact with surge protection components.

Should an SPD Stay Connected During an Insulation Test?

Do not automatically assume that it should.

An SPD may influence an insulation resistance test or may be stressed by an inappropriate test voltage.

Therefore, before carrying out an insulation resistance test:

1. identify all connected SPDs;
2. check the installation and SPD manufacturer’s instructions;
3. disconnect or isolate the SPD when required;
4. perform the insulation test using the correct procedure;
5. restore all SPD connections correctly after testing;
6. verify the SPD status after re-energization.

Electrical installation verification should also follow the applicable requirements of IEC 60364-6 and any national installation rules.

Do not simply apply a high insulation-test voltage across an installed SPD without checking whether the device is designed to tolerate that procedure.

For example, Eaton states in its SPD Max installation instructions that dielectric, Megger or high-potential testing with the SPD connected can damage the device, and the SPD should be disconnected before such testing.

Why Can an SPD Affect an Insulation Resistance Reading?

An SPD intentionally contains voltage-dependent components connected between conductors that would otherwise be electrically separated under normal operating conditions.

When a sufficiently high test voltage is applied, those components may begin to influence the measurement.

The tester may then show a lower resistance than expected.

A technician could incorrectly conclude:

“The cable insulation is bad.”

when the SPD itself is influencing the test circuit.

The opposite problem is also possible: inappropriate test conditions may overstress sensitive surge protection components.

So an insulation resistance test should primarily be treated as an installation insulation test, not as a convenient way to determine whether an SPD is healthy.

Check 6: Use a Dedicated SPD or MOV Tester

When visual inspection, indicator status and basic meter checks are not enough, a dedicated SPD or MOV tester may provide more useful information.

Unlike a standard multimeter, these devices can apply a controlled voltage appropriate for testing certain surge protection components.

Depending on the tester and SPD design, professional test equipment may check characteristics such as:

• MOV reference voltage;
• sparkover voltage;
• response of certain voltage-limiting components;
• condition-monitoring parameters;
• leakage-related characteristics;
• changes compared with reference or manufacturer limits.

This is fundamentally different from simply putting a handheld meter into resistance mode.

What Is MOV Reference Voltage?

An MOV does not suddenly change from completely insulating to completely conducting at one perfect voltage.

Its current-voltage characteristic is nonlinear.

For testing and manufacturing purposes, a reference voltage can be specified at a defined current.

If the MOV has degraded significantly, its electrical characteristics may shift.

A suitable tester can therefore provide more meaningful information than a simple continuity measurement.

However, the measured result still has to be compared with:

• the correct component specification;
• the manufacturer’s limits;
• previous test data where available.

A random voltage reading without a known acceptable range does not provide much diagnostic value.

Does an MOV Tester Completely Test the SPD?

Pas nécessairement.

Even a dedicated MOV test does not automatically reproduce every standardized surge test that was used during product qualification.

An SPD is more than just one MOV.

Depending on the design, it may include:

• multiple MOV elements;
• spark gaps;
• thermal disconnectors;
• status indicators;
• coordination components;
• mechanical assemblies;
• remote contacts.

A component-level test can therefore be useful without being equivalent to a complete SPD type test.

What Does Professional SPD Testing Actually Measure?

Professional SPD testing goes far beyond continuity or resistance.

Depending on the SPD type and applicable standard, testing may evaluate parameters such as:

• response to impulse current;
• residual or limiting voltage;
• nominal discharge-current capability;
• maximum discharge-current behavior;
• impulse-current capability;
• thermal stability;
• temporary overvoltage behavior;
• failure and disconnection behavior;
• insulation and safety characteristics.

These tests require specialized equipment capable of producing controlled high-current and high-voltage impulses.

For photovoltaic DC SPDs, IEC 61643-31 specifies requirements, performance characteristics, safety requirements and standardized test methods for SPDs used on the DC side of PV installations.

That is why there is a major difference between:

checking an SPD in a distribution board

et

verifying the declared performance of an SPD in a laboratory.

The second requires purpose-built surge generators, measurement systems and standardized test procedures.

Can Up, In, Imax and Iimp Be Tested on Site?

Normally, these are not parameters that an electrician verifies with an ordinary handheld meter during routine maintenance.

Understanding the difference helps prevent misleading conclusions.

The 8/20 µs and 10/350 µs waveforms require dedicated impulse-current test equipment.

They are fundamentally different from the small test current supplied by a handheld meter.

Can You Test Up With a Multimeter?

Non.

Haut de la page, or the voltage protection level, describes the voltage limitation achieved by the SPD under defined test conditions.

It is not simply a static voltage that can be measured by connecting a multimeter across an unpowered SPD.

Testing limiting voltage requires an appropriate surge impulse and measurement setup.

Can You Test In With a Multimeter?

Non.

En represents a nominal discharge current under a standardized impulse waveform.

For many Type 2 SPD specifications, the relevant current waveform is 8/20 µs.

A multimeter does not produce this surge current.

Can You Test Imax With a Multimeter?

Non.

Imax represents a higher discharge-current capability and is also associated with high-current impulse testing rather than ordinary low-voltage resistance measurements.

Can You Test Iimp With a Multimeter?

Non.

Iimp is particularly important for Type 1 SPDs designed for lightning-current applications.

It is associated with a 10/350 µs impulse waveform.

Generating and safely measuring such currents requires specialized surge-testing equipment.

If you want to understand these values in more detail, see our guide to DC SPD Spécifications, where we explain Uc, Up, In, Imax and other common markings found on surge protective devices.

When Should You Stop Testing and Replace the SPD?

Testing is useful when the condition of the SPD is uncertain.

But there are situations where additional basic testing adds little value.

The following table provides a practical way to decide whether further testing makes sense.

This is an important maintenance principle:

Testing is most useful when the SPD condition is uncertain. Clear failure conditions usually call for replacement rather than repeated basic measurements.

1. The SPD Shows Its Defined Failure or Replacement Indication

If the manufacturer’s status indicator clearly shows that the protection module has reached its replacement condition, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

There is usually no reason to keep performing basic resistance measurements in an attempt to “prove” that the failed module is still usable.

2. The Housing Is Burned, Melted or Seriously Deformed

Physical damage indicates that the SPD has experienced abnormal thermal or electrical stress.

Do not return a visibly damaged SPD to service based only on a normal resistance reading.

3. The Thermal Disconnector Has Operated

Many MOV-based SPDs incorporate thermal protection designed to disconnect an overstressed protection element.

If the internal disconnection mechanism has operated, the module normally requires replacement.

4. There Is an Unexpected Short Circuit

An SPD showing a persistent low-resistance fault condition where one should not exist requires investigation and should not simply be re-energized.

5. The Manufacturer Specifies Replacement

Always give priority to the manufacturer’s maintenance and replacement instructions for the specific product.

6. Reliable Testing Is More Difficult Than Replacing the Plug-In Module

For many modular SPDs, the protection cartridge is designed to be replaceable.

Where the module is relatively inexpensive and its condition is genuinely uncertain, replacing it can be more practical than performing extensive diagnostic testing.

This is particularly true in systems where downtime or loss of surge protection has a high cost.

Practical SPD Testing Checklist

Here is a simple field checklist for comment tester un parafoudre during maintenance.

Step 1 — Identify the SPD

Check:

• manufacturer;
• model;
• Type 1, Type 2 or Type 1+2;
• AC or DC;
• Uc / Ucpv;
• system configuration;
• wiring diagram.

If the SPD voltage rating itself may be incorrect for the PV system, check our DC SPD voltage selection guide before deciding whether the problem is product failure or incorrect selection.

Step 2 — Safely Isolate the Circuit

Follow appropriate electrical safety and lockout procedures before removing covers, conductors or protection modules.

Step 3 — Perform a Visual Inspection

Vérifier pour :

• burning;
• melting;
• décoloration ;
• deformation;
• loose connections;
• damaged conductors.

If there is serious physical damage, replacement may already be required.

Step 4 — Check the Status Indicator

Compare the indicator with the markings or manufacturer’s documentation.

Do not assume every manufacturer uses the same colors.

Step 5 — Check the Remote Contact if Available

Compare:

• visual SPD status;
• COM / NO / NC state;
• remote alarm or monitoring status.

Use the manufacturer’s contact diagram.

Step 6 — Use a Multimeter Only for Appropriate Basic Checks

A multimeter may help investigate:

• auxiliary contacts;
• wiring;
• obvious short circuits;
• accessible circuit continuity.

Do not interpret a simple high-resistance or open-circuit reading as proof that the SPD can still handle its rated surge current.

Step 7 — Use Dedicated Test Equipment if Deeper Diagnosis Is Required

A suitable SPD or MOV tester may be needed to examine reference voltage or other component characteristics.

Compare results with manufacturer specifications rather than using arbitrary pass/fail values.

Step 8 — Replace the SPD When There Is Clear Evidence of Failure

If the SPD has:

• a defined failure indication;
• visible burning;
• serious deformation;
• an operated thermal disconnector;
• another confirmed fault;

follow the manufacturer’s replacement procedure.

Quick SPD Testing Decision Guide

For technicians who need a fast answer, the entire process can be reduced to one simple decision path.

FAQ About How to Test an SPD

Can You Test an SPD With a Multimeter?

Yes, but only for limited checks.

A multimeter can help inspect wiring, auxiliary contacts and certain obvious abnormal conditions.

It cannot reproduce an actual surge or confirm the SPD’s In, Imax, Iimp or Up ratings.

Should an SPD Have Continuity?

There is no universal yes-or-no answer.

It depends on which terminals are being measured and how the SPD is designed.

A voltage-limiting MOV protection path may normally appear as very high resistance at the low measurement voltage of a multimeter.

An auxiliary remote contact, however, may intentionally show continuity between COM and either NO or NC depending on the SPD state.

Always interpret continuity measurements using the product circuit diagram.

What Resistance Should an SPD Have?

There is no universal resistance value for all SPDs.

Different devices contain different protection and monitoring components.

An MOV normally presents a high resistance at low voltage, but the complete SPD may contain additional circuits that affect a meter reading.

Use manufacturer data or appropriate dedicated testing procedures rather than relying on a generic resistance number.

Can I Megger Through an SPD?

Do not assume that you can.

SPDs may affect insulation resistance readings or may be damaged by inappropriate insulation-test voltages.

The installation requirements and product manufacturer may require the SPD to be disconnected or isolated before the test.

Always check the applicable procedure before applying an insulation-test voltage.

How Do You Test an MOV?

For meaningful MOV testing, dedicated equipment can apply a controlled voltage and measure characteristics such as reference voltage at a specified current.

This gives much more information than a simple low-voltage continuity test.

However, acceptable values must still be compared with the specification of the particular MOV or SPD.

Can I Test an SPD’s Up With a Multimeter?

Non.

Up is associated with the SPD’s limiting performance under specified surge conditions.

A normal multimeter cannot generate the required impulse.

Can an SPD Look Normal but Still Be Degraded?

Potentially, yes.

Visual inspection is useful for detecting obvious failures, but not every change in the electrical characteristics of a protection component produces visible damage.

This is one reason dedicated test equipment may be used in installations where protection availability is particularly important.

Does a Normal Indicator Mean the SPD Is Definitely Good?

A normal status indicator is an important maintenance check, but it is not the same as repeating the original standardized surge tests.

The indicator tells you the condition recognized by the SPD’s monitoring mechanism.

It does not independently measure every surge-performance parameter.

Always interpret the indicator according to the specific product design.

Should I Test an Old SPD or Just Replace It?

Age alone does not establish a universal replacement date for every SPD.

The decision should consider:

• status indication;
• visible condition;
• known surge events;
• environmental conditions;
• manufacturer recommendations;
• maintenance history;
• importance of the protected equipment;
• availability of reliable diagnostic testing.

If the device already shows its defined end-of-life condition, replacement is normally more appropriate than trying to extend its service based on a simple multimeter test.

Conclusion

The most important part of understanding comment tester un parafoudre is knowing the limits of each testing method.

For routine field maintenance, start with the simplest checks:

1. inspect the SPD;
2. check the status indicator;
3. check the remote signaling contact if fitted;
4. investigate obvious electrical abnormalities with suitable instruments;
5. use dedicated SPD or MOV test equipment when deeper diagnosis is required.

A multimeter is useful, but it cannot reproduce a lightning or switching surge.

Therefore, continuity and resistance measurements should never be treated as complete proof that an SPD still meets its original Up, In, Imax ou Iimp performance.

Insulation resistance testing also requires special attention because an installed SPD may influence the measurement or be affected by an inappropriate test procedure.

Most importantly, testing should support a practical maintenance decision.

If the SPD looks normal and its monitoring functions show normal operation, routine inspection may be sufficient.

If its condition is uncertain, specialized testing can provide additional information.

But if the device already shows a clear failure condition, thermal damage or an operated disconnection mechanism, replacement is usually the more sensible next step.

In the next guide, we will look at another common question:

When Should an SPD Be Replaced? Lifespan, Surge Events and Warning Signs