Un confronto tra SPD 3+1 e 4+0 inizia spesso dall'aspetto esteriore, poiché entrambe le configurazioni possono sembrare quasi identiche, specialmente quando occupano quattro moduli su guida DIN.

Tuttavia, dal punto di vista elettrico, non sono la stessa cosa.

La differenza principale è il percorso di protezione dalle sovratensioni.

Un tipico dispositivo di protezione dalle sovratensioni 3+1 utilizza tre percorsi di protezione dai conduttori di fase al neutro:

L1 → N
L2 → N
L3 → N

più un ulteriore percorso di protezione:

N → PE

Una tipica configurazione 4+0 fornisce invece percorsi di protezione riferiti direttamente a PE, comunemente:

L1 → PE
L2 → PE
L3 → PE
N → PE

Questa differenza influisce sul modo in cui la sovratensione viene controllata tra fase, neutro e terra di protezione, pertanto Le configurazioni 3+1 e 4+0 non dovrebbero essere selezionate semplicemente contando i moduli o i poli.

La configurazione corretta dipende dal sistema di messa a terra, dalle modalità di protezione richieste, dal punto di installazione e dall'effettivo circuito interno dichiarato dal produttore dell'SPD.

Risposta rapida: La configurazione 3+1 è comunemente utilizzata nei sistemi TT ed è disponibile anche per i sistemi TN-S. La configurazione 4+0 è comunemente utilizzata in applicazioni TN-S idonee. Verificare sempre lo schema elettrico e i requisiti di installazione applicabili invece di presumere che ogni SPD quadripolare sia elettricamente equivalente.

Panoramica SPD 3+1 vs 4+0

Il punto più importante è:

Quattro moduli visibili non indicano se un SPD è 3+1 o 4+0.

Controllare sempre lo schema di collegamento.

La chiave per la selezione tra SPD 3+1 e 4+0 è comprendere i percorsi di protezione interni piuttosto che limitarsi a contare i moduli visibili.

Cosa significa 3+1 su un SPD?

In un tipico sistema trifase a quattro fili Configurazione SPD 3+1, i tre conduttori di fase sono protetti rispetto al neutro.

I percorsi di protezione sono:

I primi tre elementi di protezione sono comunemente dispositivi di limitazione della tensione come MOV — varistori a ossido metallico.

L'elemento di protezione N-PE aggiuntivo è comunemente un spinterometro o un elemento di commutazione basato su scaricatore a gas, a seconda del design del prodotto.

Ad esempio, l'SPD AC di Tipo 2 3+1 di KUANGYA utilizza tre percorsi di protezione MOV tra L1/L2/L3 e N, insieme a un percorso di protezione GDT tra N e PE.

Anche Legrand descrive la sua configurazione 3P+N / 3+1 come in grado di fornire protezione L-N e N-PE, con il polo neutro protetto da uno spinterometro incapsulato.

Struttura 3+1 semplificata

L1 ──[MOV]──┐

Questa è un'illustrazione semplificata. Il circuito interno effettivo e la tecnologia di protezione devono sempre essere confermati dalla scheda tecnica del produttore.

Cosa significa 4+0 su un SPD?

Un tipico SPD 4+0 utilizza quattro percorsi di protezione riferiti alla terra di protezione.

Una disposizione comune è:

L1 ──[SPD]── PE

In questa configurazione, le tre fasi e il neutro hanno ciascuno un percorso di protezione verso PE.

Ad esempio, il modello VSP1S40 4+0 di KUANGYA è destinato ai sistemi TN-S e fornisce modalità di protezione L-PE e N-PE.

Anche DEHN identifica i suoi modelli TN-S a quattro percorsi come configurazioni 4+0, offrendo al contempo prodotti 3+1 separati per sistemi TT e TN-S.

Tuttavia, è qui che gli acquirenti devono prestare attenzione.

Diversi produttori possono utilizzare termini come:

4P
3P+N
4+0
3+1

in modi leggermente differenti nei titoli dei cataloghi.

Pertanto:

Non identificare la topologia interna dell'SPD basandosi solo sul nome del prodotto. Controllare lo schema elettrico.

3+1 contro 4+0: qual è la vera differenza?

La vera differenza non è il numero di moduli.

È dove viene controllata la sovratensione e dove viene deviata la corrente di scarica.

Configurazione 3+1

Una configurazione 3+1 fornisce una protezione diretta tra:

L1-N
L2-N
L3-N

seguita da un percorso separato tra:

N-PE

Ciò fornisce una protezione diretta fase-neutro per i carichi collegati tra fase e neutro.

Configurazione 4+0

Una tipica disposizione 4+0 fornisce una protezione diretta tra i conduttori attivi e il PE:

L1-PE
L2-PE
L3-PE
N-PE

The line-to-neutral voltage may also be influenced during a surge through the combined operation of protection elements, but this is not the same topology as providing a dedicated L-N protective element.

This is why two SPDs with:

• four modules,
• the same Uc,
• the same In,
• and the same Imax

can still have very different internal circuits.

Common Mode vs Differential Mode Surge Protection

Comprensione common-mode and differential-mode surge voltage makes the 3+1 vs 4+0 difference easier to understand.

Differential-mode surge

A differential-mode surge appears between active conductors.

Gli esempi includono:

L-N
L1-L2
L2-L3

For a single-phase load connected between L and N, the L-N voltage is particularly important.

A typical 3+1 topology provides a direct L-N protective path.

Common-mode surge

A common-mode surge appears between an active conductor and earth.

Gli esempi includono:

L1-PE
L2-PE
L3-PE
N-PE

Lightning-induced transients can create significant common-mode voltage relative to earth.

A typical 4+0 configuration provides direct active-conductor-to-PE paths.

A 3+1 configuration handles the surge through its coordinated L-N and N-PE protection network.

Therefore, when comparing SPDs, asking:

“How many poles does it have?”

is less useful than asking:

“Which protection modes does it provide?”

Why Does a 3+1 SPD Use a Separate N-PE Element?

This is one of the most important differences buyers notice when opening a 3+1 SPD.

The N-PE module may look different from the three L-N modules.

That is not necessarily a manufacturing inconsistency.

It may use a different protection technology because it performs a different electrical function.

In many 3+1 designs:

L-N = MOV

while:

N-PE = GDT or spark-gap-based element

DEHN, for example, offers dedicated N-PE spark-gap arresters intended for 1+1 and 3+1 configurations in TT systems.

KUANGYA’s Type 2 3+1 AC SPD similarly uses MOV protection between the phases and neutral, with a GDT between neutral and PE.

One advantage of a suitable switching N-PE element is that it does not create the same continuous leakage path between N and PE as a permanently voltage-limiting element might.

However, the exact technology, follow-current capability, TOV behavior and ratings remain product-specific.

Never assume that every 3+1 SPD uses exactly the same internal components.

3+1 or 4+0 SPD for a TT System?

For 3+1 vs 4+0 SPD selection, the earthing system is one of the most important factors to confirm. For a typical IEC-based TT earthing system, a 3+1 configuration is widely used.

In a TT system:

• the supply neutral is earthed at the source;
• the installation has its own protective-earth arrangement;
• N and PE remain separate within the installation.

A 3+1 SPD provides:

L1 → N
L2 → N
L3 → N

plus:

N → PE

This topology is commonly used to coordinate surge protection with the TT earthing arrangement.

DEHN’s technical guidance shows the 3+1 circuit for TT systems, and current DEHN products are specifically offered for TT and TN-S installations using this configuration.

But do not use one sentence as a universal rule

It is tempting to remember:

TT = 3+1

That is useful as a starting point, but it is not a complete SPD specification.

You must still check:

• installation location,
• position relative to the RCD,
• local electrical regulations,
• system voltage,
• Uc,
• Up,
• In / Imax / Iimp,
• short-circuit conditions,
• backup protection,
• and the manufacturer’s connection diagram.

3+1 or 4+0 SPD for a TN-S System?

TN-S systems have separate:

N — Neutral

e

PE — Protective Earth

conductors.

Both 3+1 and suitable 4+0 products can be found for TN-S applications.

For example, DEHN currently offers:

4+0 products specifically for TN-S

and:

3+1 products for TT and TN-S systems.

KUANGYA follows a similar product distinction: the VSP1S40 4+0 version is specified for TN-S, while the corresponding 3+1 configuration is available for TT and TN-S systems.

Therefore, it is not technically correct to say:

“TN-S always needs 4+0.”

oppure:

“3+1 is only for TT.”

Instead, the required protection modes, installation rules and manufacturer-approved configuration should determine the selection.

What About TN-C and TN-C-S Systems?

This is where pole-count mistakes become particularly common.

TN-C

In a TN-C section of an installation, neutral and protective-earth functions are combined in a single:

PEN conductor

A typical three-phase arrangement therefore uses:

L1-PEN
L2-PEN
L3-PEN

often described as a 3+0 configuration.

There is no separate N conductor and PE conductor at that point, so a separate N-PE protection path would not describe the conductor arrangement correctly.

TN-C-S

A TN-C-S installation contains two different sections.

Before the PEN conductor is separated:

TN-C principles apply.

After PEN is separated into:

N + PE

the downstream section behaves as TN-S.

Pertanto:

The correct SPD configuration depends on where the SPD is installed relative to the PEN separation point.

Do not select a 3P or 4P SPD simply because the overall building supply is described as TN-C-S.

Check the actual conductor arrangement at the SPD installation point.

How Can You Tell Whether an SPD Is 3+1 or 4+0?

The easiest way to identify a 3+1 vs 4+0 SPD configuration is to check the manufacturer’s wiring diagram rather than count the cartridges.

Look at the wiring diagram.

A typical 3+1 diagram shows:

L1 ── SPD ── N
L2 ── SPD ── N
L3 ── SPD ── N
N  ── SPD ── PE

Look for three phase-to-neutral paths plus one neutral-to-earth path.

The N-PE element may also have a different symbol from the L-N elements.

A typical 4+0 diagram shows:

L1 ── SPD ── PE
L2 ── SPD ── PE
L3 ── SPD ── PE
N  ── SPD ── PE

Look for four protection paths referenced toward PE.

Buyer tip

When requesting a quotation, do not write only:

“Need 4P SPD.”

Instead, provide:

Sistema: 230/400 V CA
Earthing system: TT / TN-S / TN-C / TN-C-S
Required SPD type: Type 1 / Type 2 / Type 1+2
Topology: 3+1 / 4+0 if known
Uc: required value
In / Imax / Iimp: required values
Remote signal: Sì / No

This greatly reduces the chance of receiving a product with the correct number of modules but the wrong internal connection.

Is a 3+1 SPD Better Than a 4+0 SPD?

Neither topology is universally “better.”

They solve surge-protection paths differently.

A correctly selected 4+0 SPD can be appropriate for a suitable TN-S application.

A correctly selected 3+1 SPD can be appropriate for TT and suitable TN-S applications.

The important question is not:

Which one is stronger?

È:

Which topology matches the electrical network and the protection modes required at this installation point?

Performance must then be evaluated using the actual electrical specifications.

Questi includono:

Do not judge SPD performance simply by the largest kA number on the label.

Is 3+1 the Same as Type 3 + Type 1?

No.

This is an easy naming mistake.

3+1 describes the SPD protection topology.

It does not mean:

Type 3 + Type 1.

If you are unsure about the difference between SPD classifications, see our guide to Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 SPDs.

SPD classification and topology are separate characteristics.

AC power SPDs are covered by IEC 61643-11, which specifies performance and safety requirements, tests and ratings for surge protective devices connected to AC low-voltage power systems.

For example, a 3+1 SPD may be:

Tipo 1
Tipo 2
o
Tipo 1+2

depending on its tested performance.

Likewise, a 4+0 product can also be offered in different SPD Types.

Pertanto:

3+1 tells you how the protection paths are arranged. Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 tell you about the SPD’s test classification and surge-current duty.

Can You Replace a 3+1 SPD With a 4+0 SPD?

Not automatically.

Even if both products have:

• four modules,
• the same nominal voltage,
• the same Imax,
• and the same DIN-rail width,

their protection modes can be different.

Before replacing one topology with another, verify:

1. the earthing system;
2. the installation point;
3. L, N, PE and PEN arrangement;
4. required protection modes;
5. Uc;
6. Up;
7. In, Imax and/or Iimp;
8. short-circuit rating;
9. backup protection;
10. RCD coordination;
11. manufacturer-approved wiring.

The replacement should be based on the complete electrical design, not only mechanical compatibility.

Why Pole Count Alone Can Be Misleading

Circuit breakers and SPDs should not be interpreted in exactly the same way.

A four-pole circuit breaker normally refers to conductors passing through switching/protection poles.

An SPD generally works in parallel with the circuit and provides a temporary low-impedance surge path.

So “four-pole SPD” does not automatically tell you everything about:

• internal protection elements;
• L-N protection;
• N-PE protection;
• MOV versus GDT technology;
• earthing-system compatibility;
• or SPD Type.

If you are unfamiliar with this difference, see our guide Perché un SPD viene collegato in parallelo anziché in serie?

The circuit diagram remains more important than the number of visible modules.

6 Common Mistakes When Choosing 3+1 and 4+0 SPDs

Mistake 1: Choosing by the number of modules

Four cartridges do not automatically mean a particular topology.

Check the internal diagram.

Mistake 2: Assuming every 4P SPD is 3+1

A four-module product can use different internal protection arrangements.

“4P” and “3+1” should not be treated as synonyms without checking the manufacturer’s circuit.

Mistake 3: Assuming 3+1 is only for TT

3+1 products are widely used for TT, but manufacturers such as DEHN and KUANGYA also specify certain 3+1 products for TN-S systems.

Mistake 4: Ignoring the PEN split in TN-C-S

The network arrangement before and after the PEN separation point is different.

Confirm where the SPD will actually be installed.

Mistake 5: Selecting by Imax alone

A 40 kA SPD is not automatically more suitable than a 20 kA product simply because the number is larger.

Topology, SPD Type, Uc, Up, In, Iimp, fault-current conditions and coordination must all be considered.

Mistake 6: Forgetting backup protection

The SPD’s surge-current rating is not the same thing as the rating of its backup fuse or circuit breaker.

Do not calculate:

Imax 40 kA = 40 A backup fuse.

That is incorrect.

Backup protection must be selected according to the manufacturer requirements and the installation’s overcurrent and prospective short-circuit conditions.

For a detailed explanation, see our guide Fusibile di protezione per SPD: 7 regole per una corretta selezione.

Installation Still Matters After Choosing the Correct Topology

SPD selection and installation should also follow applicable requirements such as IEC 60364-5-53 and local electrical regulations.

Keep SPD connection conductors short

During a fast surge event, conductor inductance creates additional voltage.

Long or looped connecting wires can therefore increase the effective voltage reaching the protected equipment.

Use the shortest practical routing permitted by the installation design and applicable requirements.

Connect N, PE and PEN correctly

Never create an unauthorized N-PE connection simply to make SPD wiring easier.

This is particularly important in TT and TN-C-S systems.

The neutral, PE and PEN arrangement is part of the earthing system itself.

Check backup protection

The SPD manufacturer may specify:

• a maximum upstream fuse;
• a dedicated backup fuse;
• a circuit breaker;
• or conditions where existing upstream protection is sufficient.

Follow the product data rather than estimating the backup device from In or Imax.

Consider RCD coordination

In installations containing RCDs or RCCBs, SPD location and topology can affect the current path during transient or fault conditions.

TT systems require particular attention to the relationship among:

SPD + RCD + N + PE

Follow the applicable installation rules and manufacturer guidance.

3+1 vs 4+0 SPD Selection Checklist

Before ordering or approving an AC SPD, confirm the following:

A buyer who completes this checklist is much less likely to purchase the wrong SPD simply because two products look similar.

Example: Comparing Two Four-Module SPDs

Consider two Type 2 AC SPDs.

SPD A

• Four visible modules
• 230/400 V system
• In = 20 kA
• Imax = 40 kA
• Topologia 3+1

Internal paths:

L1-N
L2-N
L3-N
N-PE

SPD B

• Four visible modules
• 230/400 V system
• In = 20 kA
• Imax = 40 kA
• 4+0 topology

Internal paths:

L1-PE
L2-PE
L3-PE
N-PE

From the front, these two devices may appear very similar.

Their surge-current ratings may even be identical.

But their protection topology is different.

That is why:

Same voltage + same kA + same number of modules does not mean the SPDs are electrically interchangeable.

KUANGYA 3+1 and 4+0 AC SPD Options

KUANGYA offers a range of Dispositivi di protezione contro le sovratensioni (SPD) in corrente alternata for different low-voltage distribution systems.

For example, the VSP1S40 Type 2 series includes:

The 3+1 design uses high-energy MOV elements for the L-N paths together with a GDT in the N-PE path, while the 4+0 version uses a different protection arrangement suited to its declared network application.

When requesting a model, provide the actual:

network voltage + earthing system + SPD Type + required surge ratings + remote contact requirement

rather than ordering only by the number of poles.

Domande frequenti

Is a 3+1 SPD a four-pole SPD?

Physically, a 3+1 SPD may use four positions or modules, but “3+1” describes the protection topology rather than merely the mechanical pole count.

Check the product wiring diagram.

Is 3+1 better than 4+0?

Not universally.

The correct choice depends on the earthing system, required protection modes, installation rules and product design.

A correctly selected 4+0 device can be suitable for TN-S applications, while 3+1 is widely used in TT and also in suitable TN-S systems.

Why is the fourth module different in a 3+1 SPD?

In many 3+1 designs, the three phase-to-neutral protection elements use MOV technology, while the N-PE path uses a GDT or spark gap.

The fourth module therefore performs a different electrical function.

Can I use a 3+1 SPD in a TN-S system?

Potentially, yes.

Manufacturers including DEHN and KUANGYA offer 3+1 products declared for TT and TN-S applications. Final selection should still follow the product datasheet and applicable installation requirements.

Can I use a 4+0 SPD in a TT system?

Do not assume that a generic 4+0 product is suitable.

TT systems require careful consideration of the protection arrangement, N-PE path, RCD location and applicable installation requirements.

Use an SPD specifically declared by the manufacturer for the intended TT configuration.

Does 3+1 mean Type 3 + Type 1?

No.

3+1 is a connection topology.

Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 are SPD classifications associated with different test and application requirements.

They are separate concepts.

Is a 4P SPD always a 4+0 SPD?

No.

Manufacturers may use terms such as 4P, 3P+N, 3+1 and 4+0 differently in short product descriptions.

Always verify the internal wiring diagram and declared protection modes.

What should I check first when choosing between 3+1 and 4+0?

Start with the earthing system and actual conductor arrangement at the installation point.

Then check:

protection topology → SPD Type → Uc → Up → surge-current ratings → short-circuit conditions → backup protection → installation requirements.

Do not start with the largest kA value.

Conclusione

The most important point in a 3+1 vs 4+0 SPD comparison is that the difference is not simply the number of modules.

A typical 3+1 SPD provides three phase-to-neutral protection paths plus a separate neutral-to-earth path:

L1-N + L2-N + L3-N + N-PE

A typical 4+0 SPD instead provides four protection paths referenced toward PE:

L1-PE + L2-PE + L3-PE + N-PE

3+1 is widely used in TT systems and can also be used in suitable TN-S applications. 4+0 is commonly available for TN-S systems.

However, the earthing system alone is not the complete specification.

Before selecting an SPD, verify the actual wiring diagram, protection modes, Uc, Up, In, Imax or Iimp, short-circuit conditions, backup protection and manufacturer installation requirements.

The most useful rule is simple:

Do not choose an SPD by counting modules. Choose it by checking the network, protection paths and electrical ratings.

Sources Reviewed

Technical references used to verify the concepts in this guide include:

IEC/EN 61643-11 — Low-voltage surge protective devices for AC power systems.

IEC 60364-5-53 — Selection and erection of electrical equipment, including SPD connection and application principles.

DEHN — Technical documentation for 3+1 TT/TN-S and 4+0 TN-S surge arrester configurations.

Legrand — Technical documentation identifying 3P+N / 3+1 L-N and N-PE protection modes.

KUANGYA — VSP1S40 Type 2 AC SPD technical data and internal connection configurations.