{"id":4291,"date":"2026-08-17T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T07:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=4291"},"modified":"2026-08-17T16:03:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T08:03:50","slug":"dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/blog\/dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Como escolher um DPS CC para instala\u00e7\u00f5es solares em Espanha"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os sistemas fotovoltaicos solares est\u00e3o expostos a sobretens\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias causadas pela atividade de raios nas proximidades, opera\u00e7\u00f5es de comuta\u00e7\u00e3o e perturba\u00e7\u00f5es transmitidas atrav\u00e9s de circuitos el\u00e9tricos conectados. Estes eventos podem danificar inversores, equipamentos de monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o, caixas de jun\u00e7\u00e3o e outros componentes sens\u00edveis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Escolher o <strong>DPS CC correto para instala\u00e7\u00f5es solares na Espanha<\/strong> requer mais do que apenas corresponder um dispositivo \u00e0 tens\u00e3o nominal do sistema. Projetistas e instaladores tamb\u00e9m devem considerar a tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima de circuito aberto fotovoltaico, a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o do DPS, a capacidade de descarga, o n\u00edvel de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o, o esquema de aterramento do sistema, a dist\u00e2ncia dos cabos, o local de instala\u00e7\u00e3o e as normas aplic\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No entanto, escolher um DPS CC envolve mais do que apenas corresponder um dispositivo a uma tens\u00e3o nominal do sistema. Projetistas e instaladores tamb\u00e9m devem considerar a tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima de circuito aberto fotovoltaico, a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o do DPS, a capacidade de descarga, o n\u00edvel de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o, o esquema de aterramento do sistema, a dist\u00e2ncia dos cabos, o local de instala\u00e7\u00e3o e as normas aplic\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este guia explica como escolher um DPS CC para instala\u00e7\u00f5es solares na Espanha e identifica as informa\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas que devem ser confirmadas antes de solicitar um or\u00e7amento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por que os sistemas fotovoltaicos solares precisam de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra surtos CC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os m\u00f3dulos fotovoltaicos e seus cabos de conex\u00e3o s\u00e3o normalmente instalados em grandes \u00e1reas expostas. Longos percursos de cabos CC podem atuar como caminhos pelos quais sobretens\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias induzidas por raios e relacionadas a manobras chegam ao inversor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um surto n\u00e3o precisa necessariamente originar-se de um raio direto na matriz fotovoltaica. Raios pr\u00f3ximos podem induzir tens\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias nos cabos CC, enquanto opera\u00e7\u00f5es de manobra dentro da instala\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m podem criar perturba\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um DPS CC \u00e9 projetado para:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limitar a tens\u00e3o transit\u00f3ria a um n\u00edvel aceit\u00e1vel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Desviar a corrente de surto para o sistema de aterramento de prote\u00e7\u00e3o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduzir o estresse el\u00e9trico no isolamento do inversor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proteger a caixa de jun\u00e7\u00e3o (combiner box) e os componentes de monitoramento<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduzir a probabilidade de tempo de inatividade causado por danos relacionados a surtos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um DPS n\u00e3o substitui um fus\u00edvel, disjuntor, seccionador, sistema de aterramento ou sistema de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas externo. Cada dispositivo desempenha uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o de prote\u00e7\u00e3o diferente e deve ser coordenado como parte do projeto fotovoltaico completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulamentos e normas relevantes para a Espanha<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As instala\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas de baixa tens\u00e3o na Espanha s\u00e3o regidas pelo Reglamento Electrot\u00e9cnico para Baja Tensi\u00f3n, comumente conhecido como REBT. O projeto aplic\u00e1vel tamb\u00e9m deve considerar as instru\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicas atuais, especifica\u00e7\u00f5es do projeto, requisitos locais e normas referenciadas pelo regulamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A lista oficial de normas da Espanha associadas ao REBT inclui:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos e m\u00e9todos de ensaio para DPS utilizados em instala\u00e7\u00f5es fotovoltaicas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-11<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos e m\u00e9todos de ensaio para DPS ligados a sistemas de pot\u00eancia de baixa tens\u00e3o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-HD 60364-4-443<\/strong> \u2013 Prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra sobretens\u00f5es transit\u00f3rias de origem atmosf\u00e9rica ou causadas por manobras<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es fotovoltaicas internacionais, os seguintes documentos IEC tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o importantes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos e m\u00e9todos de ensaio para DPS no lado CC de instala\u00e7\u00f5es fotovoltaicas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-32<\/strong> \u2013 Princ\u00edpios de sele\u00e7\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o para DPS CC fotovoltaicos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 60364-7-712<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos de instala\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica para sistemas de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o fotovoltaica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A norma IEC 61643-31 aplica-se a DPS ligados ao lado CC de instala\u00e7\u00f5es fotovoltaicas com tens\u00f5es nominais at\u00e9 1.500 V CC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os requisitos do projeto podem diferir de acordo com o tipo de instala\u00e7\u00e3o, avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de risco, localiza\u00e7\u00e3o, design do inversor, sistema de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas externas e requisitos das autoridades espanholas ou do instalador autorizado. Portanto, a sele\u00e7\u00e3o do produto deve ser confirmada pelo projetista do projeto ou por um profissional eletricista qualificado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Passo 1: Calcular a Tens\u00e3o Fotovoltaica M\u00e1xima<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O primeiro par\u00e2metro de sele\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a tens\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua m\u00e1xima do DPS para o sistema fotovoltaico, normalmente identificada como <strong>Ucpv<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e3o selecione um DPS apenas de acordo com a tens\u00e3o nominal de opera\u00e7\u00e3o do inversor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima de uma string fotovoltaica depende de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>N\u00famero de m\u00f3dulos conectados em s\u00e9rie<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto do m\u00f3dulo, ou Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temperatura mais baixa esperada no local<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coeficiente de temperatura do m\u00f3dulo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fatores de seguran\u00e7a de projeto exigidos pelo projeto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tens\u00e3o do m\u00f3dulo fotovoltaico aumenta \u00e0 medida que a temperatura cai. Portanto, a tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto m\u00e1xima em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de frio da string completa pode ser superior ao seu valor sob condi\u00e7\u00f5es de teste padr\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Ucpv do DPS deve ser adequada para a tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima que pode ocorrer continuamente atrav\u00e9s do arranjo fotovoltaico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classes de tens\u00e3o t\u00edpicas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Sistema Fotovoltaico<\/th><th>Classe de tens\u00e3o comum de DPS<\/th><th>Verifica\u00e7\u00e3o importante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Pequeno sistema fotovoltaico residencial<\/td><td>600 V CC<\/td><td>Verificar a tens\u00e3o de circuito aberto (Voc) m\u00e1xima da string em condi\u00e7\u00f5es de frio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fotovoltaico residencial ou comercial<\/td><td>1.000 V CC<\/td><td>Confirmar os limites de tens\u00e3o do inversor e da string<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fotovoltaico comercial ou de escala industrial<\/td><td>1.500 V CC<\/td><td>Utilizar um DPS especificamente projetado para sistemas fotovoltaicos de 1.500 V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Estes s\u00e3o exemplos de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o regras de sele\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica. A tens\u00e3o final do DPS deve basear-se na tens\u00e3o fotovoltaica m\u00e1xima calculada e no diagrama de liga\u00e7\u00e3o do fabricante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"600V 1000V and 1500V DC SPD voltage options\" class=\"wp-image-4293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">As op\u00e7\u00f5es de tens\u00e3o do DPS CC devem corresponder \u00e0 tens\u00e3o m\u00e1xima calculada do sistema fotovoltaico<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sele\u00e7\u00e3o de um DPS com uma Ucpv insuficiente pode causar opera\u00e7\u00e3o prematura, sobreaquecimento ou desconex\u00e3o. A sele\u00e7\u00e3o de uma tens\u00e3o nominal desnecessariamente superior \u00e0 necess\u00e1ria pode resultar num n\u00edvel de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o mais elevado e numa prote\u00e7\u00e3o menos eficaz para equipamentos sens\u00edveis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Passo 2: Escolha o Tipo 1, Tipo 2 ou Tipo 1+2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os DPS para sistemas fotovoltaicos s\u00e3o normalmente classificados de acordo com a corrente de surto que foram concebidos para suportar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DPS CC tipo 2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um DPS de Tipo 2 \u00e9 habitualmente utilizado para proteger contra surtos de raios induzidos e sobretens\u00f5es de manobra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es t\u00edpicas incluem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciais em telhados<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matrizes fotovoltaicas comerciais em telhados<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quadros de jun\u00e7\u00e3o CC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quadros de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de matrizes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entradas CC de inversores<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sistemas onde n\u00e3o se espera corrente direta de raio no local do DPS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Type 2 DC SPD installed in a photovoltaic combiner box\" class=\"wp-image-4294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">DPS CC Tipo 2 s\u00e3o comumente instalados em caixas de jun\u00e7\u00e3o fotovoltaicas para limitar surtos induzidos e de manobra.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dispositivos Tipo 2 s\u00e3o normalmente especificados usando a corrente nominal de descarga <strong>Em<\/strong> e a corrente m\u00e1xima de descarga <strong>Imax<\/strong>, com base em uma forma de onda de corrente de 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DPS CC tipo 1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um DPS Tipo 1 \u00e9 projetado para descarregar corrente parcial de raio. Pode ser necess\u00e1rio onde o projeto de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra raios indica que a corrente de raio pode entrar na instala\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sele\u00e7\u00e3o do Tipo 1 est\u00e1 tipicamente associada a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Edif\u00edcios equipados com sistema de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas externo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instala\u00e7\u00f5es onde a dist\u00e2ncia de separa\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria n\u00e3o pode ser mantida<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sistemas fotovoltaicos de escala industrial expostos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Locais identificados pela avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de risco de descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pontos onde correntes parciais de descarga atmosf\u00e9rica direta podem entrar em circuitos CC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A capacidade do Tipo 1 \u00e9 normalmente expressa usando corrente de descarga de impulso <strong>Iimp<\/strong>, baseada em uma forma de onda de 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo 1+2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Um DPS Tipo 1+2 combina prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra correntes de descarga atmosf\u00e9rica e surtos induzidos em um \u00fanico dispositivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pode ser considerado para:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Locais fotovoltaicos expostos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entradas de inversores que requerem prote\u00e7\u00e3o combinada<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instala\u00e7\u00f5es com prote\u00e7\u00e3o externa contra descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Projetos que especificam desempenho de Tipo 1 e Tipo 2 no mesmo local<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O tipo de DPS deve ser selecionado de acordo com o conceito de prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra descargas atmosf\u00e9ricas do projeto. N\u00e3o deve ser escolhido apenas porque um n\u00famero de tipo mais alto parece ser mais potente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Passo 3: Comparar In, Imax, Iimp e Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diferentes classifica\u00e7\u00f5es de DPS descrevem diferentes aspectos de desempenho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corrente nominal de descarga: In<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Em<\/strong> indica a corrente que um DPS Tipo 2 pode descarregar repetidamente sob as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de teste especificadas, normalmente utilizando uma forma de onda de 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 uma das principais classifica\u00e7\u00f5es utilizadas ao comparar DPS Tipo 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corrente m\u00e1xima de descarga: Imax<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Imax<\/strong> \u00e9 a corrente m\u00e1xima de descarga de 8\/20 \u03bcs que o DPS pode suportar sob as suas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de teste especificadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma classifica\u00e7\u00e3o Imax elevada, por si s\u00f3, n\u00e3o prova que um DPS \u00e9 adequado para uma instala\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica. Deve ser considerada em conjunto com In, Up, Ucpv, comportamento em curto-circuito, esquema de liga\u00e7\u00e3o e a norma de teste aplic\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corrente de descarga de impulso: Iimp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iimp<\/strong> \u00e9 utilizada para dispositivos Tipo 1 e Tipo 1+2 e representa a capacidade de corrente de impulso de raio utilizando uma forma de onda de 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quando a prote\u00e7\u00e3o Tipo 1 for necess\u00e1ria, compare o valor de Iimp por polo ou modo de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de acordo com a especifica\u00e7\u00e3o do projeto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00edvel de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o: Up<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Para cima<\/strong> indicates the residual voltage that appears across the SPD during the specified discharge test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Up value should be lower than the impulse withstand level of the equipment being protected. Connection cables also add voltage during a surge, so the effective protection level at the inverter can be higher than the SPD\u2019s catalogue value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why short, direct SPD connections are essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer checking DC SPD discharge and protection ratings\" class=\"wp-image-4295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ucpv, In, Imax, Iimp, and Up should be evaluated together during DC SPD selection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Confirm the PV System Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV DC circuit may be floating, functionally earthed, or configured according to a specific inverter topology. The SPD must use a connection arrangement suitable for that system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before selecting the number of poles or protection modes, confirm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Positive conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether either DC pole is earthed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter insulation and monitoring method<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required SPD wiring topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of strings and combiner boxes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not assume that an AC SPD with a similar voltage can be used on the PV DC side. PV systems have specific continuous-voltage and fault-current characteristics. The device should be designed and tested for photovoltaic DC applications according to IEC\/UNE-EN 61643-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Check Short-Circuit and Backup Protection Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV SPD must be able to disconnect safely if it reaches the end of its service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important parameters include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV short-circuit withstand capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal thermal disconnector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required upstream backup fuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum permissible backup protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available prospective fault current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination with gPV fuses or DC circuit breakers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The external backup fuse should not be selected only according to the SPD\u2019s physical size. Follow the SPD manufacturer\u2019s data sheet and verify compatibility with the PV string current and the system\u2019s fault characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD protects against transient overvoltage. The gPV fuse or DC breaker protects against overcurrent and short-circuit conditions. One device cannot replace the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6: Select the Correct Installation Location<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical DC SPD locations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV array or string box<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caixa combinadora de CC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main DC distribution cabinet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entrada CC do inversor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both ends of a long DC cable route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most suitable arrangement depends on cable length, exposure, lightning protection design, equipment withstand level, and project risk assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a compact rooftop installation with short DC cable routes, a Type 2 SPD near the inverter may provide the required protection when permitted by the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For longer routes between the PV array and inverter, coordinated SPDs may be required at both ends. This reduces the voltage stress that can develop along the cable and improves protection for equipment at each location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"DC SPD placement along a long photovoltaic cable route\" class=\"wp-image-4296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Long DC cable routes may require coordinated surge protection near the array and inverter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some industry design guidance uses approximately 10 metres as a point at which additional coordination should be considered. This should not be treated as a universal rule for every Spanish installation. The final placement must follow the applicable design standard, risk assessment, cable routing, and equipment manufacturer\u2019s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 7: Keep SPD Connections Short<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even a correctly rated SPD can provide poor protection if it is installed with long or badly routed cables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During a surge, cable inductance creates additional voltage. Longer conductors can therefore increase the total voltage reaching the inverter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good installation practice includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keeping conductors as short and direct as possible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding unnecessary cable loops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Routing positive, negative, and PE connections appropriately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the conductor size specified by the manufacturer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Providing a reliable PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding sharp bends where practical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separating protected and unprotected conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Following the SPD wiring diagram exactly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is to reduce the total connection length and minimise the effective protection level at the protected equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 8: Consider the Enclosure and Environment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DIN-rail SPD modules do not automatically provide outdoor protection. Their environmental protection depends on the enclosure in which they are installed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For rooftop and outdoor PV systems in Spain, check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enclosure IP rating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ambient temperature range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o aos raios UV<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Condensation risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ventila\u00e7\u00e3o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Altitude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pollution level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terminal torque requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility for inspection and replacement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor enclosure for a photovoltaic DC SPD in Spain\" class=\"wp-image-4297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Outdoor SPD installations depend on a suitable enclosure, temperature range, and environmental protection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD\u2019s declared ratings apply under the operating conditions stated in its data sheet. High internal cabinet temperatures should be considered, especially in outdoor enclosures exposed to direct sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 9: Plan Inspection and Replacement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPDs are not permanent, maintenance-free components. Their protective elements can deteriorate after repeated surge events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Useful maintenance features include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visual status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replaceable plug-in cartridge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remote signalling contact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear model and voltage identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessible DIN-rail mounting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The module should be inspected according to the maintenance plan and after significant lightning activity or a known surge event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Replace the module when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The status indicator shows end of life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The thermal disconnector has operated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are signs of overheating or damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The device fails inspection or testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replacement is required by the manufacturer\u2019s instructions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Technician replacing a photovoltaic DC SPD module\" class=\"wp-image-4298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Replaceable SPD cartridges simplify inspection and maintenance after the status indicator shows end of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always isolate the relevant DC circuit and follow safe working procedures before inspection or replacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Selection Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Project Condition<\/th><th>SPD Selection to Evaluate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Residential rooftop PV without expected lightning-current entry<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial rooftop with long DC cable routes<\/td><td>Coordinated Type 2 SPDs at suitable locations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building with an external lightning protection system<\/td><td>Type 1 or Type 1+2, depending on the lightning protection design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Utility-scale 1,500 V PV array<\/td><td>PV-specific 1,500 V SPD with suitable Type and discharge ratings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combiner box exposed to induced surges<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inverter requiring combined lightning and surge protection<\/td><td>Type 1+2 PV DC SPD if specified by the design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This table is a preliminary guide only. It does not replace the project risk assessment or the work of an authorised electrical designer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Information to Send When Requesting a DC SPD Quotation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providing complete technical information helps the supplier select the correct product and prevents delays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Send the following details:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Country and project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residential, commercial, industrial, or utility-scale application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum calculated PV string voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nominal DC system voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required In, Imax, or Iimp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required voltage protection level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of poles and connection diagram<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Esquema de aterramento<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter model and number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Local de instala\u00e7\u00e3o<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required quantity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required certification and documentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OEM label or packaging requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delivery location and project schedule<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the SPD type is not yet confirmed, provide the PV module data, number of modules per string, minimum design temperature, inverter model, system drawing, and lightning protection information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common DC SPD Selection Mistakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid these common errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selecting the SPD only by nominal voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring cold-condition PV string Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using an AC SPD on the DC side<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choosing Type 2 where Type 1 capability is required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comparing products only by Imax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring Up and equipment withstand voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing the SPD with long connecting wires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the wrong protection topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring backup-fuse requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing indoor modules in an unsuitable outdoor enclosure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failing to inspect the status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assuming one SPD automatically protects every part of a large PV installation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Como escolher um DPS CC para instala\u00e7\u00f5es solares em Espanha<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecting a suitable <strong>DPS CC correto para instala\u00e7\u00f5es solares na Espanha<\/strong> requires coordination between the PV system voltage, lightning risk, SPD classification, installation location, earthing arrangement, and applicable Spanish requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important steps are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Calculate the maximum cold-condition PV voltage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select the correct Ucpv rating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determine whether Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2 is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare In, Imax, Iimp, and Up.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirm the system topology and number of protection modes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check short-circuit and backup-protection requirements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose suitable installation locations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep connecting conductors short.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify enclosure and environmental conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plan inspection and cartridge replacement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KUANGYA supplies DC SPDs for solar PV applications in 600 V, 1,000 V, and 1,500 V configurations, including Type 2 and Type 1+2 options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View the <a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-spd\/\">KUANGYA DC SPD range for photovoltaic systems<\/a> or contact us with your system voltage, SPD type, discharge-current requirements, wiring configuration, quantity, and project location to request a data sheet and B2B quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perguntas frequentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is a Type 2 SPD suitable for every rooftop PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not automatically. Type 2 is widely used for induced lightning and switching surges, but the final selection depends on the lightning protection system, risk assessment, equipment location, and project requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I use a 1,000 V SPD in a 1,000 V PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only if the SPD\u2019s Ucpv is suitable for the maximum calculated PV voltage under the lowest expected temperature. Do not rely only on the nominal system description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the difference between In and Imax?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In is the nominal discharge current used to evaluate repeated Type 2 surge performance. Imax is the maximum 8\/20 \u03bcs discharge current the SPD can withstand under specified test conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When is a Type 1+2 SPD used?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used where the design requires both partial lightning-current discharge and Type 2 surge-limiting performance at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where should the DC SPD be installed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common locations include the combiner box and inverter DC input. Long cable routes or exposed systems may require coordinated SPDs at more than one location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which standard applies to photovoltaic DC SPDs in Spain?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNE-EN 61643-31 is the principal Spanish standard covering requirements and test methods for SPDs used in photovoltaic installations. The complete installation must also follow the REBT and other applicable technical requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-18099\" rel=\"noopener\">Spain\u2019s Low-Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation \u2013 REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-6773\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 Spanish list of standards referenced by the REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/26931\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-31: Requirements for PV surge protective devices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/30774\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-32: Selection and application of PV DC SPDs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/65748\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 60364-7-712: Requirements for PV installations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article provides general technical guidance. Final SPD selection and installation should be verified by the responsible project designer or an authorised electrical professional in accordance with current Spanish requirements.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Solar photovoltaic systems are exposed to transient overvoltages caused by nearby lightning activity, switching operations, and disturbances transmitted through connected electrical circuits. These events may damage inverters, monitoring equipment, combiner boxes, and other sensitive components. Choosing the correct DC SPD for solar installations in Spain requires more than matching a device to the nominal system [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4291"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4301,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions\/4301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}