{"id":4291,"date":"2026-08-17T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T07:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=4291"},"modified":"2026-08-18T17:24:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T09:24:28","slug":"dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/blog\/dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment choisir un parafoudre CC pour les installations solaires en Espagne"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les syst\u00e8mes photovolta\u00efques solaires sont expos\u00e9s aux surtensions transitoires caus\u00e9es par l'activit\u00e9 de foudre \u00e0 proximit\u00e9, les op\u00e9rations de commutation et les perturbations transmises par les circuits \u00e9lectriques connect\u00e9s. Ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements peuvent endommager les onduleurs, les \u00e9quipements de surveillance, les bo\u00eetiers de jonction et d'autres composants sensibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choisir le bon <strong>parafoudre CC pour les installations solaires en Espagne<\/strong> n\u00e9cessite plus qu'une simple correspondance entre un appareil et la tension nominale du syst\u00e8me. Les concepteurs et les installateurs doivent \u00e9galement prendre en compte la tension maximale en circuit ouvert du syst\u00e8me PV, la classification du parafoudre, la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9charge, le niveau de protection en tension, le sch\u00e9ma de liaison \u00e0 la terre, la longueur des c\u00e2bles, l'emplacement de l'installation et les normes applicables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant, le choix d'un parafoudre CC implique bien plus qu'une simple correspondance entre un appareil et une tension nominale du syst\u00e8me. Les concepteurs et les installateurs doivent \u00e9galement prendre en compte la tension maximale en circuit ouvert du syst\u00e8me PV, la classification du parafoudre, la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9charge, le niveau de protection en tension, le sch\u00e9ma de liaison \u00e0 la terre, la longueur des c\u00e2bles, l'emplacement de l'installation et les normes applicables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce guide explique comment choisir un parafoudre CC pour les installations solaires en Espagne et identifie les informations techniques \u00e0 confirmer avant de demander un devis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi les syst\u00e8mes photovolta\u00efques solaires ont besoin d'une protection contre les surtensions CC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les modules photovolta\u00efques et leurs c\u00e2bles de connexion sont normalement install\u00e9s sur de grandes surfaces expos\u00e9es. Les longs trajets de c\u00e2bles CC peuvent servir de voies par lesquelles les surtensions transitoires induites par la foudre et li\u00e9es aux commutations atteignent l'onduleur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une surtension ne provient pas n\u00e9cessairement d'un coup de foudre direct sur le champ photovolta\u00efque. La foudre \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 peut induire des tensions transitoires dans les c\u00e2bles CC, tandis que les op\u00e9rations de commutation au sein de l'installation peuvent \u00e9galement cr\u00e9er des perturbations \u00e9lectriques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un parafoudre CC est con\u00e7u pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limiter la tension transitoire \u00e0 un niveau acceptable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>D\u00e9river le courant de surtension vers le syst\u00e8me de mise \u00e0 la terre de protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00e9duire la contrainte \u00e9lectrique sur l'isolation de l'onduleur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prot\u00e9ger les bo\u00eetiers de jonction et les composants de surveillance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00e9duire la probabilit\u00e9 de temps d'arr\u00eat caus\u00e9s par des dommages li\u00e9s aux surtensions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un parafoudre ne remplace pas un fusible, un disjoncteur, un sectionneur, un syst\u00e8me de mise \u00e0 la terre ou un syst\u00e8me de protection contre la foudre externe. Chaque dispositif remplit une fonction de protection diff\u00e9rente et doit \u00eatre coordonn\u00e9 dans le cadre de la conception compl\u00e8te de l'installation photovolta\u00efque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00e9glementations et normes applicables en Espagne<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les installations \u00e9lectriques basse tension en Espagne sont r\u00e9gies par le Reglamento Electrot\u00e9cnico para Baja Tensi\u00f3n, commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9 REBT. La conception applicable doit \u00e9galement prendre en compte les instructions techniques en vigueur, les sp\u00e9cifications du projet, les exigences locales et les normes r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es par la r\u00e9glementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La liste officielle des normes espagnoles associ\u00e9es au REBT comprend :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Exigences et m\u00e9thodes d'essai pour les parafoudres utilis\u00e9s dans les installations photovolta\u00efques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-11<\/strong> \u2013 Exigences et m\u00e9thodes d'essai pour les parafoudres connect\u00e9s aux r\u00e9seaux de distribution basse tension<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-HD 60364-4-443<\/strong> \u2013 Protection contre les surtensions transitoires d'origine atmosph\u00e9rique ou dues \u00e0 des man\u0153uvres<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour les applications photovolta\u00efques internationales, les documents CEI suivants sont \u00e9galement importants :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Exigences et m\u00e9thodes d'essai pour les parafoudres c\u00f4t\u00e9 courant continu des installations photovolta\u00efques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-32<\/strong> \u2013 Principes de s\u00e9lection et d'application pour les parafoudres CC photovolta\u00efques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 60364-7-712<\/strong> \u2013 Exigences pour les installations \u00e9lectriques des syst\u00e8mes d'alimentation photovolta\u00efques<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La norme IEC 61643-31 s'applique aux parafoudres connect\u00e9s au c\u00f4t\u00e9 courant continu des installations photovolta\u00efques avec des tensions nominales allant jusqu'\u00e0 1 500 V DC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les exigences du projet peuvent diff\u00e9rer selon le type d'installation, l'\u00e9valuation des risques, l'emplacement, la conception de l'onduleur, le syst\u00e8me de protection contre la foudre externe et les exigences des autorit\u00e9s espagnoles ou de l'installateur agr\u00e9\u00e9. Le choix du produit doit donc \u00eatre confirm\u00e9 par le concepteur du projet ou un professionnel de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 1 : Calculer la tension PV maximale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le premier param\u00e8tre de s\u00e9lection est la tension de fonctionnement continu maximale du parafoudre pour le syst\u00e8me PV, normalement identifi\u00e9e comme <strong>Ucpv<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ne s\u00e9lectionnez pas un parafoudre uniquement en fonction de la tension de fonctionnement nominale de l'onduleur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La tension maximale d'une cha\u00eene PV d\u00e9pend de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nombre de modules connect\u00e9s en s\u00e9rie<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tension en circuit ouvert du module, ou Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temp\u00e9rature minimale pr\u00e9vue sur le site<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coefficient de temp\u00e9rature du module<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facteurs de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de conception requis par le projet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La tension des modules photovolta\u00efques augmente \u00e0 mesure que la temp\u00e9rature diminue. Par cons\u00e9quent, la tension en circuit ouvert maximale de la cha\u00eene compl\u00e8te dans des conditions froides peut \u00eatre sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 sa valeur dans les conditions de test standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La tension Ucpv du parafoudre doit \u00eatre adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la tension maximale pouvant appara\u00eetre en continu aux bornes du champ photovolta\u00efque.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Classes de tension typiques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Syst\u00e8me photovolta\u00efque<\/th><th>Classe de tension courante des parafoudres<\/th><th>V\u00e9rification importante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Petit syst\u00e8me photovolta\u00efque r\u00e9sidentiel<\/td><td>600 V DC<\/td><td>V\u00e9rifier la tension en circuit ouvert (Voc) maximale de la cha\u00eene en conditions froides<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Photovolta\u00efque r\u00e9sidentiel ou commercial<\/td><td>1 000 V CC<\/td><td>Confirmer les limites de tension de l'onduleur et des cha\u00eenes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Photovolta\u00efque commercial ou \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle<\/td><td>1 500 V CC<\/td><td>Utiliser un parafoudre sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7u pour les syst\u00e8mes photovolta\u00efques 1 500 V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il s'agit d'exemples d'application et non de r\u00e8gles de s\u00e9lection automatique. La tension finale du parafoudre doit \u00eatre bas\u00e9e sur la tension photovolta\u00efque maximale calcul\u00e9e et sur le sch\u00e9ma de raccordement du fabricant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"600V 1000V and 1500V DC SPD voltage options\" class=\"wp-image-4293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Les options de tension du parafoudre CC doivent correspondre \u00e0 la tension maximale calcul\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me photovolta\u00efque<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La s\u00e9lection d'un parafoudre avec une valeur Ucpv insuffisante peut entra\u00eener un fonctionnement pr\u00e9matur\u00e9, une surchauffe ou une d\u00e9connexion. La s\u00e9lection d'une tension nominale inutilement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que n\u00e9cessaire peut entra\u00eener un niveau de protection en tension plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et une protection moins efficace des \u00e9quipements sensibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 2 : Choisir le type 1, le type 2 ou le type 1+2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les parafoudres PV sont normalement class\u00e9s en fonction du courant de choc qu'ils sont con\u00e7us pour supporter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type 2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un parafoudre de type 2 est couramment utilis\u00e9 pour prot\u00e9ger contre les surtensions induites par la foudre et les surtensions de man\u0153uvre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les applications typiques sont les suivantes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Syst\u00e8mes photovolta\u00efques r\u00e9sidentiels en toiture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installations photovolta\u00efques commerciales en toiture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coffrets de jonction DC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coffrets de r\u00e9partition de champ<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entr\u00e9es DC des onduleurs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syst\u00e8mes o\u00f9 un courant de foudre direct n'est pas attendu \u00e0 l'emplacement du parafoudre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Type 2 DC SPD installed in a photovoltaic combiner box\" class=\"wp-image-4294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Les parafoudres CC de type 2 sont couramment install\u00e9s dans les bo\u00eetiers de jonction photovolta\u00efques pour limiter les surtensions induites et de man\u0153uvre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les dispositifs de type 2 sont normalement sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9s en utilisant le courant de d\u00e9charge nominal <strong>En<\/strong> et le courant de d\u00e9charge maximal <strong>Imax<\/strong>, bas\u00e9s sur une forme d'onde de courant 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type 1 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un parafoudre de type 1 est con\u00e7u pour d\u00e9charger un courant de foudre partiel. Il peut \u00eatre requis lorsque la conception de la protection contre la foudre indique que le courant de foudre peut p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans l'installation \u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La s\u00e9lection du type 1 est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00e2timents \u00e9quip\u00e9s d'un syst\u00e8me de protection externe contre la foudre<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installations o\u00f9 la distance de s\u00e9paration requise ne peut \u00eatre maintenue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Syst\u00e8mes photovolta\u00efques expos\u00e9s \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle industrielle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emplacements identifi\u00e9s par l'\u00e9valuation du risque de foudre<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Points o\u00f9 une partie du courant de foudre direct peut p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans les circuits CC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La capacit\u00e9 de type 1 est normalement exprim\u00e9e en utilisant le courant de d\u00e9charge impulsionnel <strong>Iimp<\/strong>, bas\u00e9 sur une forme d'onde 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type 1+2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un parafoudre de type 1+2 combine la protection contre les courants de foudre et les surtensions induites dans un seul appareil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il peut \u00eatre envisag\u00e9 pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sites photovolta\u00efques expos\u00e9s<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entr\u00e9es d'onduleur n\u00e9cessitant une protection combin\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installations avec protection externe contre la foudre<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Projets sp\u00e9cifiant \u00e0 la fois des performances de type 1 et de type 2 au m\u00eame emplacement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le type de parafoudre doit \u00eatre s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 en fonction du concept de protection contre la foudre du projet. Il ne doit pas \u00eatre choisi uniquement parce qu'un num\u00e9ro de type plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 semble plus puissant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9tape 3 : Comparer In, Imax, Iimp et Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diff\u00e9rentes caract\u00e9ristiques nominales des parafoudres d\u00e9crivent diff\u00e9rents aspects de la performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Courant de d\u00e9charge nominal : In<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>En<\/strong> indique le courant qu'un parafoudre de type 2 peut d\u00e9charger de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e dans les conditions d'essai sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9es, en utilisant normalement une onde de choc 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il s'agit de l'une des principales caract\u00e9ristiques nominales utilis\u00e9es pour comparer les parafoudres de type 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Courant de d\u00e9charge maximal : Imax<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Imax<\/strong> est le courant de d\u00e9charge maximal 8\/20 \u03bcs que le parafoudre peut supporter dans ses conditions d'essai sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une valeur Imax \u00e9lev\u00e9e ne suffit pas \u00e0 prouver qu'un parafoudre est adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 une installation particuli\u00e8re. Elle doit \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e conjointement avec In, Up, Ucpv, le comportement en court-circuit, le sch\u00e9ma de raccordement et la norme d'essai applicable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Courant de choc : Iimp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iimp<\/strong> est utilis\u00e9 pour les dispositifs de type 1 et de type 1+2 et repr\u00e9sente la capacit\u00e9 de tenue au courant de foudre en utilisant une onde de choc 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lorsqu'une protection de type 1 est requise, comparez la valeur Iimp par p\u00f4le ou par mode de protection conform\u00e9ment aux sp\u00e9cifications du projet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Niveau de protection en tension : Up<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Haut de la page<\/strong> indique la tension r\u00e9siduelle qui appara\u00eet aux bornes du parafoudre (SPD) lors de l'essai de d\u00e9charge sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Up value should be lower than the impulse withstand level of the equipment being protected. Connection cables also add voltage during a surge, so the effective protection level at the inverter can be higher than the SPD\u2019s catalogue value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why short, direct SPD connections are essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer checking DC SPD discharge and protection ratings\" class=\"wp-image-4295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ucpv, In, Imax, Iimp, and Up should be evaluated together during DC SPD selection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Confirm the PV System Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV DC circuit may be floating, functionally earthed, or configured according to a specific inverter topology. The SPD must use a connection arrangement suitable for that system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before selecting the number of poles or protection modes, confirm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Positive conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raccordement PE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether either DC pole is earthed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter insulation and monitoring method<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required SPD wiring topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of strings and combiner boxes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not assume that an AC SPD with a similar voltage can be used on the PV DC side. PV systems have specific continuous-voltage and fault-current characteristics. The device should be designed and tested for photovoltaic DC applications according to IEC\/UNE-EN 61643-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Check Short-Circuit and Backup Protection Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV SPD must be able to disconnect safely if it reaches the end of its service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important parameters include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV short-circuit withstand capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal thermal disconnector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required upstream backup fuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum permissible backup protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available prospective fault current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination with gPV fuses or DC circuit breakers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The external backup fuse should not be selected only according to the SPD\u2019s physical size. Follow the SPD manufacturer\u2019s data sheet and verify compatibility with the PV string current and the system\u2019s fault characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD protects against transient overvoltage. The gPV fuse or DC breaker protects against overcurrent and short-circuit conditions. One device cannot replace the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6: Select the Correct Installation Location<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical DC SPD locations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV array or string box<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bo\u00eete combin\u00e9e DC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main DC distribution cabinet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entr\u00e9e DC de l'onduleur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both ends of a long DC cable route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most suitable arrangement depends on cable length, exposure, lightning protection design, equipment withstand level, and project risk assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a compact rooftop installation with short DC cable routes, a Type 2 SPD near the inverter may provide the required protection when permitted by the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For longer routes between the PV array and inverter, coordinated SPDs may be required at both ends. This reduces the voltage stress that can develop along the cable and improves protection for equipment at each location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"DC SPD placement along a long photovoltaic cable route\" class=\"wp-image-4296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Long DC cable routes may require coordinated surge protection near the array and inverter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some industry design guidance uses approximately 10 metres as a point at which additional coordination should be considered. This should not be treated as a universal rule for every Spanish installation. The final placement must follow the applicable design standard, risk assessment, cable routing, and equipment manufacturer\u2019s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 7: Keep SPD Connections Short<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even a correctly rated SPD can provide poor protection if it is installed with long or badly routed cables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During a surge, cable inductance creates additional voltage. Longer conductors can therefore increase the total voltage reaching the inverter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good installation practice includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keeping conductors as short and direct as possible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding unnecessary cable loops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Routing positive, negative, and PE connections appropriately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the conductor size specified by the manufacturer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Providing a reliable PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding sharp bends where practical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separating protected and unprotected conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Following the SPD wiring diagram exactly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is to reduce the total connection length and minimise the effective protection level at the protected equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 8: Consider the Enclosure and Environment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DIN-rail SPD modules do not automatically provide outdoor protection. Their environmental protection depends on the enclosure in which they are installed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For rooftop and outdoor PV systems in Spain, check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enclosure IP rating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ambient temperature range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UV exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Condensation risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ventilation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Altitude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pollution level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terminal torque requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility for inspection and replacement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor enclosure for a photovoltaic DC SPD in Spain\" class=\"wp-image-4297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Outdoor SPD installations depend on a suitable enclosure, temperature range, and environmental protection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD\u2019s declared ratings apply under the operating conditions stated in its data sheet. High internal cabinet temperatures should be considered, especially in outdoor enclosures exposed to direct sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 9: Plan Inspection and Replacement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPDs are not permanent, maintenance-free components. Their protective elements can deteriorate after repeated surge events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Useful maintenance features include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visual status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replaceable plug-in cartridge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remote signalling contact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear model and voltage identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessible DIN-rail mounting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The module should be inspected according to the maintenance plan and after significant lightning activity or a known surge event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Replace the module when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The status indicator shows end of life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The thermal disconnector has operated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are signs of overheating or damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The device fails inspection or testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replacement is required by the manufacturer\u2019s instructions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Technician replacing a photovoltaic DC SPD module\" class=\"wp-image-4298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Replaceable SPD cartridges simplify inspection and maintenance after the status indicator shows end of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always isolate the relevant DC circuit and follow safe working procedures before inspection or replacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Selection Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Condition du projet<\/th><th>SPD Selection to Evaluate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Residential rooftop PV without expected lightning-current entry<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial rooftop with long DC cable routes<\/td><td>Coordinated Type 2 SPDs at suitable locations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building with an external lightning protection system<\/td><td>Type 1 or Type 1+2, depending on the lightning protection design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Utility-scale 1,500 V PV array<\/td><td>PV-specific 1,500 V SPD with suitable Type and discharge ratings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combiner box exposed to induced surges<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inverter requiring combined lightning and surge protection<\/td><td>Type 1+2 PV DC SPD if specified by the design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This table is a preliminary guide only. It does not replace the project risk assessment or the work of an authorised electrical designer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Information to Send When Requesting a DC SPD Quotation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providing complete technical information helps the supplier select the correct product and prevents delays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Send the following details:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Country and project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residential, commercial, industrial, or utility-scale application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum calculated PV string voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nominal DC system voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required In, Imax, or Iimp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required voltage protection level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of poles and connection diagram<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dispositif de mise \u00e0 la terre<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter model and number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emplacement d'installation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required quantity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required certification and documentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OEM label or packaging requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delivery location and project schedule<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the SPD type is not yet confirmed, provide the PV module data, number of modules per string, minimum design temperature, inverter model, system drawing, and lightning protection information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Erreurs courantes lors de la s\u00e9lection de parafoudres DC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid these common errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selecting the SPD only by nominal voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring cold-condition PV string Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using an AC SPD on the DC side<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choosing Type 2 where Type 1 capability is required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comparing products only by Imax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring Up and equipment withstand voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing the SPD with long connecting wires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the wrong protection topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring backup-fuse requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing indoor modules in an unsuitable outdoor enclosure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failing to inspect the status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assuming one SPD automatically protects every part of a large PV installation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment choisir un parafoudre CC pour les installations solaires en Espagne<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecting a suitable <strong>parafoudre CC pour les installations solaires en Espagne<\/strong> requires coordination between the PV system voltage, lightning risk, SPD classification, installation location, earthing arrangement, and applicable Spanish requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important steps are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Calculate the maximum cold-condition PV voltage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select the correct Ucpv rating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determine whether Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2 is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare In, Imax, Iimp, and Up.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirm the system topology and number of protection modes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check short-circuit and backup-protection requirements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose suitable installation locations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep connecting conductors short.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify enclosure and environmental conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plan inspection and cartridge replacement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KUANGYA supplies DC SPDs for solar PV applications in 600 V, 1,000 V, and 1,500 V configurations, including Type 2 and Type 1+2 options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View the <a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-spd\/\">KUANGYA DC SPD range for photovoltaic systems<\/a> or contact us with your system voltage, SPD type, discharge-current requirements, wiring configuration, quantity, and project location to request a data sheet and B2B quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questions fr\u00e9quemment pos\u00e9es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is a Type 2 SPD suitable for every rooftop PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not automatically. Type 2 is widely used for induced lightning and switching surges, but the final selection depends on the lightning protection system, risk assessment, equipment location, and project requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I use a 1,000 V SPD in a 1,000 V PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only if the SPD\u2019s Ucpv is suitable for the maximum calculated PV voltage under the lowest expected temperature. Do not rely only on the nominal system description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the difference between In and Imax?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In is the nominal discharge current used to evaluate repeated Type 2 surge performance. Imax is the maximum 8\/20 \u03bcs discharge current the SPD can withstand under specified test conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When is a Type 1+2 SPD used?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used where the design requires both partial lightning-current discharge and Type 2 surge-limiting performance at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where should the DC SPD be installed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common locations include the combiner box and inverter DC input. Long cable routes or exposed systems may require coordinated SPDs at more than one location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which standard applies to photovoltaic DC SPDs in Spain?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNE-EN 61643-31 is the principal Spanish standard covering requirements and test methods for SPDs used in photovoltaic installations. The complete installation must also follow the REBT and other applicable technical requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If your project has already reached the stage of deciding between Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 protection, continue with our detailed guide to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/blog\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-for-solar\/\">Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar PV in Spain<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-18099\" rel=\"noopener\">Spain\u2019s Low-Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation \u2013 REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-6773\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 Spanish list of standards referenced by the REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/26931\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-31: Requirements for PV surge protective devices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/30774\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-32: Selection and application of PV DC SPDs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/65748\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 60364-7-712: Requirements for PV installations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article provides general technical guidance. Final SPD selection and installation should be verified by the responsible project designer or an authorised electrical professional in accordance with current Spanish requirements.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Solar photovoltaic systems are exposed to transient overvoltages caused by nearby lightning activity, switching operations, and disturbances transmitted through connected electrical circuits. These events may damage inverters, monitoring equipment, combiner boxes, and other sensitive components. Choosing the correct DC SPD for solar installations in Spain requires more than matching a device to the nominal system [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4291"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4321,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions\/4321"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}