{"id":4308,"date":"2026-08-18T17:22:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T09:22:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=4308"},"modified":"2026-08-18T17:22:11","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T09:22:11","slug":"type-1-vs-type-2-spd-for-solar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/blog\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-for-solar\/","title":{"rendered":"Type 1 vs Type 2 vs Type 1+2 DC SPD for Solar PV in Spain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When comparing <strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar<\/strong> applications, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 SPDs should not be treated as three quality levels of the same product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are intended for different surge conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many photovoltaic installations, a <strong>Tipo 2 DC SPD<\/strong> is used where the main risk comes from induced lightning surges and switching overvoltages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00f3nde <strong>partial lightning current may enter the PV electrical system<\/strong>, however, Type 1 capability should be evaluated. A Type 1+2 SPD can provide both lightning-current and Type 2 surge-protection functions at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For projects in Spain, the decision should therefore be based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>External lightning protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Possibility of partial lightning current entering DC cables<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ubicaci\u00f3n de instalaci\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PV maximum open-circuit voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Longitud del cable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equipment impulse withstand level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earthing and equipotential bonding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applicable Spanish and IEC requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quick Answer: Type 1 vs Type 2 vs Type 1+2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Comparison chart showing the differences between Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 DC SPDs for solar PV\" class=\"wp-image-4310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-type-2-type-1-2-dc-spd-comparison-chart.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 DC SPDs are designed for different surge conditions, not simply different quality levels.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Project Condition<\/th><th>SPD to Evaluate<\/th><th>Main Reason<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Induced lightning and switching surges are the main concern<\/td><td><strong>Tipo 2<\/strong><\/td><td>Limita la sobretensi\u00f3n transitoria<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Partial lightning current may enter the electrical installation<\/td><td><strong>Tipo 1<\/strong><\/td><td>Provides lightning impulse-current capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Both lightning-current and Type 2 protection are required at one point<\/td><td><strong>Tipo 1+2<\/strong><\/td><td>Combines the two protection functions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long DC cable between array and inverter<\/td><td><strong>Coordinated SPDs<\/strong><\/td><td>One SPD may not adequately protect both ends<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AC output of inverter<\/td><td><strong>Separate AC SPD<\/strong><\/td><td>DC SPD selection does not replace AC-side protection<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The important point is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do not select an SPD simply because Type 1+2 sounds \u201cbetter\u201d than Type 2. Select it according to the surge environment at the installation point.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/26931\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-31<\/a> covers SPDs specifically intended for the DC side of photovoltaic installations rated up to <strong>1.500 V CC<\/strong>. IEC 61643-32 covers selection, installation and coordination of SPDs in PV systems up to <strong>1.500 V CC<\/strong>, and also considers the AC side up to <strong>1,000 V RMS at 50\/60 Hz<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are still determining the basic voltage, application and protection requirements, first read our guide on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/blog\/dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain\/\">how to choose a DC SPD for solar installations in Spain<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is the Difference Between Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 DC SPDs?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most useful way to understand <strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar<\/strong> applications is to compare the surge conditions they are designed for and the electrical ratings that need to be checked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Par\u00e1metro<\/td><td>Tipo 1<\/td><td>Tipo 2<\/td><td>Tipo 1+2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prop\u00f3sito principal<\/td><td>Partial lightning-current protection<\/td><td>Induced and switching surge protection<\/td><td>Combined protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Typical impulse associated with selection<\/td><td>10\/350 \u03bcs<\/td><td>8\/20 \u03bcs<\/td><td>Both capabilities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Important current rating<\/td><td><strong>Iimp<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>In \/ Imax<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Iimp + In \/ Imax<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Up must be checked<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ucpv must be checked<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Suitable for PV DC solely because of Type label?<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PV-specific product standard should be checked<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type 1 is not simply a Type 2 SPD with a larger current rating<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the most common purchasing mistakes is to compare only the number of kiloamps printed on the front of the device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por ejemplo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Type 1 performance is closely associated with <strong>Iimp<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Type 2 performance commonly uses <strong>In and Imax<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both still require verification of <strong>Up and Ucpv<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>40 kA Imax does not automatically mean that a Type 2 SPD can replace a Type 1 SPD.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iimp and Imax describe different surge-performance characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Is a Type 2 DC SPD Normally Used?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Infographic showing typical use cases for Type 2 DC SPDs in residential and commercial solar PV systems\" class=\"wp-image-4311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-use-type-2-dc-spd-solar-pv.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Type 2 DC SPDs are commonly evaluated where the main concern is induced lightning and switching surges.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Type 2 DC SPD is commonly evaluated when the expected surge threat is mainly caused by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Indirect lightning effects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electromagnetic induction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nearby lightning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Switching operations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transient overvoltage generated elsewhere in the system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical PV applications include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Aplicaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Type 2 Commonly Evaluated?<\/td><td>Additional Check<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Residential rooftop PV<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>Check external lightning protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FV en tejados comerciales<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>Check cable routing and LPS<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Caja combinadora FV<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>Check exposure and cable length<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Entrada CC del inversor<\/td><td>S\u00ed<\/td><td>Check Up and inverter withstand level<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ground-mounted PV<\/td><td>Possible<\/td><td>Lightning risk requires closer evaluation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building with external LPS<\/td><td>Possible<\/td><td>Type 1 capability may also be required<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why the correct statement is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Type 2 is commonly used where the lightning protection design does not require Type 1 lightning-current capability.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It would be technically unsafe to say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cEvery residential rooftop solar system only needs a Type 2 SPD.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two rooftop systems can have very different lightning-protection arrangements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Should a Type 1 DC SPD Be Evaluated?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Illustrated scenarios showing when a Type 1 DC SPD should be evaluated in a solar PV system\" class=\"wp-image-4312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/when-to-evaluate-type-1-dc-spd-solar-pv.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Type 1 DC SPD should be evaluated where partial lightning current may enter the PV electrical installation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Type 1 should be evaluated when there is a realistic possibility that <strong>partial lightning current can enter the PV electrical system<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can occur under several design conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. External Lightning Protection Is Installed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A building equipped with an external lightning protection system requires the PV array, mounting frame, DC conductors, earthing system and equipotential bonding to be considered as part of the overall lightning-protection design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>External lightning protection does not automatically mean that every PV SPD must be Type 1.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The complete arrangement needs to be examined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Required Separation Cannot Be Maintained<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The physical relationship between:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lightning conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PV frames<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00f3dulos fotovoltaicos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DC cables<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Metallic structures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">can influence whether lightning current is transferred into the PV installation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one reason that the question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cDoes the building have a lightning rod?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">is not sufficient on its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A better question is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cCan the required separation between the external LPS and PV installation be maintained?\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Partial Lightning Current May Reach the DC Circuit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most important differences between Type 1 and Type 2 selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where a surge-protection design expects partial lightning current at an SPD location, <strong>Iimp becomes a critical specification<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecting a high-Imax Type 2 device without checking Iimp does not solve that requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. The Engineering Specification Requires Type 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some EPC drawings and tender documents specify Type 1 directly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, purchasing should verify more than the words \u201cType 1.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Par\u00e1metro<\/td><td>Por qu\u00e9 es importante<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tipo<\/td><td>Protection classification<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ucpv<\/td><td>Maximum continuous PV voltage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iimp<\/td><td>Lightning impulse-current capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>En<\/td><td>Corriente de descarga nominal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Imax<\/td><td>Maximum Type 2 discharge capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arriba<\/td><td>Voltage remaining across SPD under defined conditions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iscpv<\/td><td>PV short-circuit current capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poles \/ modes<\/td><td>Compatibility with PV topology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Est\u00e1ndar<\/td><td>Product test basis<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Is a Type 1+2 SPD a Better Choice?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Type 1+2 SPD should be considered when the <strong>same protection point requires both lightning-current capability and Type 2 surge protection<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible situations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Entry point exposed to partial lightning current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter entrance requiring combined protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project documents specifying Type 1+2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Space-constrained distribution equipment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A coordinated protection concept using a combined SPD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Type 1+2 should not be treated as an automatic upgrade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Type 1+2 product still has to be evaluated according to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iimp + In + Imax + Up + Ucpv + Iscpv<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, manufacturers offer Type 1+2 products with very different lightning-current capacities. Phoenix Contact&#8217;s current Type 1+2 portfolio includes devices with different discharge capabilities rather than treating every Type 1+2 product as electrically identical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The label alone therefore does not provide enough information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Does Every Solar Installation in Spain Need a Type 1 SPD?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">No.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most important points in this article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is no technically sound rule that says:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cEvery photovoltaic installation in Spain requires a Type 1 SPD.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spain&#8217;s <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/biblioteca_juridica\/codigos\/codigo.php?id=326_Reglamento_electrotecnico_para_baja_tension_e_ITC&amp;modo=2\" rel=\"noopener\">Reglamento Electrot\u00e9cnico para Baja Tensi\u00f3n (REBT)<\/a><\/strong> includes ITC-BT-23 concerning protection against transient overvoltages in low-voltage installations. However, ITC-BT-23 should not be interpreted as a simple rule directly assigning Type 1 to every PV DC circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PV DC surge protection must instead be evaluated together with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV-specific SPD requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lightning protection design<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installation topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>External LPS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earthing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protecci\u00f3n de los equipos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project documentation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Standards and References Relevant to the Decision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Reference<\/td><td>Relevance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Spanish REBT \/ ITC-BT-23<\/td><td>Spanish low-voltage transient overvoltage framework<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>UNE-EN 61643-31<\/td><td>PV DC SPD product requirements and testing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 61643-31<\/td><td>PV DC SPD requirements and tests<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 61643-32<\/td><td>PV SPD selection, installation and coordination<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC\/HD 60364 series<\/td><td>Low-voltage electrical installation principles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IEC 62305 series<\/td><td>Lightning protection principles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Project specification<\/td><td>Final project-specific engineering requirements<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 explicitly applies to SPDs connected to the <strong>DC side of PV generators and inverter DC inputs up to 1,500 V DC<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-32 specifically addresses PV systems located both <strong>on buildings and in ground-mounted\/free-field installations<\/strong>, which is important because the lightning and earthing environment can differ significantly between these applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why the Project Location in Spain Still Matters<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another mistake is to treat \u201cSpain\u201d as one identical lightning environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AEMET maintains national lightning-detection and lightning-climatology information covering Spain and publishes spatial maps, tables and statistical analysis of lightning activity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its climatology shows why lightning exposure should be treated geographically rather than assuming the same conditions everywhere in Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AEMET&#8217;s operational lightning network also detects lightning across mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means project information such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Madrid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Barcelona<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Valencia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zaragoza<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00e1laga<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mallorca<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canary Islands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">should not be replaced by the simple statement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cThe project is in Spain.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Project location is one input to the risk assessment, not a direct rule that independently determines the SPD type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How External Lightning Protection Changes SPD Selection<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing how external lightning protection and separation distance affect SPD selection in a solar PV installation\" class=\"wp-image-4313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/external-lightning-protection-spd-selection-solar-pv.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">External lightning protection, separation distance and equipotential bonding can all affect DC SPD selection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An external lightning protection system and an SPD perform different jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An external LPS is intended to manage lightning effects on the structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An SPD is used within the electrical protection concept to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Divert surge current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limit transient voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protect connected electrical equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An SPD does <strong>no<\/strong> replace:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Air terminals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Down conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Earthing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equipotential bonding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Correct cable routing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Likewise, an external lightning system does not eliminate the need to evaluate surge protection for electrical circuits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two systems need to be coordinated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Should Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 SPDs Be Installed?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram showing recommended SPD installation points in a solar PV system from array to inverter and AC output\" class=\"wp-image-4314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-spd-installation-points-combiner-box-inverter.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SPD location depends on the installation point, cable route and lightning protection concept.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following table is intentionally labelled <strong>\u201cto evaluate.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should not be treated as a mandatory configuration for every PV project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Lugar de instalaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>SPD to Evaluate<\/td><td>Main Engineering Question<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PV string \/ array<\/td><td>Type 2 or coordinated protection<\/td><td>Is this point exposed to induced surges?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Caja combinadora FV<\/td><td>Type 2 \/ Type 1+2<\/td><td>Can lightning current enter here?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building entry point<\/td><td>Tipo 1 \/ Tipo 1+2<\/td><td>Is partial lightning current expected?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Entrada CC del inversor<\/td><td>Type 2 \/ Type 1+2<\/td><td>What Up does the inverter require?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long array-to-inverter cable<\/td><td>SPD at both ends may be evaluated<\/td><td>Is one protection point sufficient?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Salida de CA del inversor<\/td><td>Separate AC SPD<\/td><td>What protection is required on AC side?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A photovoltaic combiner box is often an important protection point<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outdoor DC conductors may converge at the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/pv-combiner-box\/\">photovoltaic combiner box<\/a><\/strong>, making it a logical location to evaluate surge protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the SPD type depends on the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not automatically specify Type 2 simply because the SPD is installed in a combiner box.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Long DC Cables: Why One SPD May Not Be Enough<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD closest to the PV array and the SPD closest to the inverter do not necessarily protect exactly the same point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A long conductor can be exposed to additional induced voltage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/30774\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-32<\/a> specifically covers the <strong>selection, location and coordination<\/strong> of SPDs throughout a PV installation rather than treating an entire PV plant as one protection point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For projects with long DC runs, evaluate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Pregunta<\/td><td>Por qu\u00e9 es importante<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Distance from array to inverter<\/td><td>Long routes affect coordination<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SPD at combiner box?<\/td><td>Protects array-side equipment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SPD at inverter?<\/td><td>Protects sensitive inverter input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Are both SPDs coordinated?<\/td><td>Prevents poor protection interaction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cable routing outdoors?<\/td><td>Changes exposure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LPS nearby?<\/td><td>May change lightning-current conditions<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not use an arbitrary cable-length number without checking the applicable engineering standard and project configuration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Most Important DC SPD Ratings to Compare<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Technical infographic showing the key DC SPD ratings Ucpv, Iimp, In, Imax, Up and Iscpv\" class=\"wp-image-4315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-ratings-ucpv-iimp-in-imax-up-iscpv.jpg 1448w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SPD type alone is not enough\u2014Ucpv, Iimp, In, Imax, Up and Iscpv must also be checked.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD type alone cannot determine whether a product is suitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical Parameter Comparison<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Clasificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Significado<\/td><td>Typical Selection Error<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ucpv<\/strong><\/td><td>Maximum continuous operating voltage for PV<\/td><td>Selecting from nominal system voltage only<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Iimp<\/strong><\/td><td>Lightning impulse-current capability<\/td><td>Ignoring it when Type 1 is required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>En<\/strong><\/td><td>Corriente de descarga nominal<\/td><td>Treating it as identical to Imax<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Imax<\/strong><\/td><td>Corriente de descarga m\u00e1xima<\/td><td>Assuming highest Imax = best SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Arriba<\/strong><\/td><td>Nivel de protecci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Ignoring protected equipment withstand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Iscpv<\/strong><\/td><td>PV short-circuit capability<\/td><td>Using an unsuitable disconnection arrangement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Backup protection<\/td><td>Required upstream protection<\/td><td>Choosing fuse independently of SPD data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00famero de postes<\/td><td>Connection configuration<\/td><td>Wrong topology<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Remote signalling<\/td><td>Monitoring function<\/td><td>Specified but forgotten during purchasing<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ucpv: Do Not Select an SPD from \u201c1000V System\u201d Alone<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most commercially important checks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 applies to PV DC SPDs up to <strong>1.500 V CC<\/strong>, but that does not mean any 1,500 V-labelled SPD is suitable for every system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The designer should determine the <strong>maximum PV array open-circuit voltage under the project&#8217;s lowest expected temperature<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PV module Voc generally rises as cell temperature falls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore the correct workflow is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Module Voc \u2192 number of modules in series \u2192 temperature correction \u2192 maximum array Voc \u2192 select suitable Ucpv<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cInverter says 1000V \u2192 buy any 1000V SPD.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This subject deserves a separate article, which is why the next guide in this series will cover:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1000V vs 1500V DC SPD for Solar PV Systems.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Iimp vs In vs Imax: Why the Numbers Cannot Be Compared Directly<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the most important points in a <strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar<\/strong> comparison is understanding the difference between Iimp, In and Imax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Clasificaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Most Relevant To<\/td><td>What It Tells You<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Iimp<\/strong><\/td><td>Tipo 1<\/td><td>Lightning impulse-current capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>En<\/strong><\/td><td>Tipo 2<\/td><td>Nominal discharge capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Imax<\/strong><\/td><td>Tipo 2<\/td><td>Maximum discharge-current capability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Arriba<\/strong><\/td><td>All types<\/td><td>Residual protection level<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A product advertising:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Imax = 40 kA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">does not automatically satisfy a project specification requiring:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Type 1 + defined Iimp<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">because they represent different test and protection concepts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manufacturer technical data provides a useful real-world demonstration of this distinction: current lightning\/surge products specify separate 10\/350 \u03bcs and 8\/20 \u03bcs discharge capabilities rather than presenting them as one interchangeable current rating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Up: The Rating That Is Often Ignored<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large current figures are easy to market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the purpose of the SPD is ultimately to prevent damaging voltage from reaching protected equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That makes <strong>Up \u2014 voltage protection level \u2014 a critical selection parameter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The engineer should compare:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SPD Up<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>the impulse withstand capability of the protected inverter or other equipment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A device with an impressive current rating but an unsuitable Up may not provide the desired equipment protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Iscpv and Backup Protection<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Photovoltaic DC circuits have different fault behaviour from conventional AC systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD and its disconnection arrangement must therefore be suitable for the available PV short-circuit current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SPD Iscpv<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Manufacturer&#8217;s recommended backup protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corriente de la cadena fotovoltaica<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parallel strings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gPV fuse arrangement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connection topology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD should be coordinated with the system&#8217;s <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-fuse\/\">Protecci\u00f3n por fusible gPV<\/a><\/strong>, rather than selecting the fuse and SPD as unrelated components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Type 1 vs Type 2 vs Type 1+2: Practical Project Scenarios<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following are <strong>engineering scenarios, not claimed customer case studies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are included to show the decision process without inventing project results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Escenario<\/td><td>Conditions<\/td><td>Initial SPD Direction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Residential rooftop<\/td><td>No expected partial lightning current; short DC route<\/td><td>Evaluate Type 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial roof with external LPS<\/td><td>LPS present; separation needs verification<\/td><td>Evaluate Type 1 \/ Type 1+2 requirement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ground-mounted PV plant<\/td><td>High exposure; long outdoor DC routes<\/td><td>Perform lightning-risk and coordination evaluation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combiner box far from inverter<\/td><td>Long cable between protection points<\/td><td>Evaluate coordinated SPDs at both ends<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tender specifies Type 1+2<\/td><td>Defined Iimp, Ucpv and Up<\/td><td>Match all declared ratings, not label only<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta distinci\u00f3n es importante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We are <strong>no<\/strong> saying:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cGround-mounted PV always requires Type 1.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We are saying:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Its exposure, earthing and lightning-protection arrangement make a more detailed engineering assessment necessary.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several mistakes repeatedly appear when engineers and buyers compare <strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar<\/strong> projects, especially when selection is based only on SPD type or discharge-current ratings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD Selection Mistakes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Infographic showing common mistakes when selecting a DC SPD for a solar PV system\" class=\"wp-image-4318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/common-mistakes-dc-spd-selection-solar-pv.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Many SPD selection mistakes come from checking only the Type label or one current rating.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Error<\/td><td>Why It Is a Problem<\/td><td>Better Approach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1. Type 1 is assumed to be \u201cbetter\u201d<\/td><td>SPD type is application-specific<\/td><td>Match expected surge condition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. Only Imax is compared<\/td><td>Does not show Type 1 capability<\/td><td>Compare Iimp, In and Imax<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. Iimp is ignored<\/td><td>Critical when lightning current is expected<\/td><td>Verify declared Iimp<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. Nominal PV voltage is used<\/td><td>Cold Voc may be higher<\/td><td>Calculate maximum Voc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5. AC SPD is used on DC side<\/td><td>PV DC has different requirements<\/td><td>Use PV-rated SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6. External LPS is ignored<\/td><td>Changes protection design<\/td><td>Coordinate LPS and SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7. One SPD protects a long cable<\/td><td>Protection may not cover both ends<\/td><td>Evaluate coordinated SPDs<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>8. Connections are unnecessarily long<\/td><td>Installation affects protection<\/td><td>Keep routing compact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>9. Up is ignored<\/td><td>Equipment may still see excessive voltage<\/td><td>Coordinate Up with equipment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>10. Only the Type label is checked<\/td><td>Products of same Type differ<\/td><td>Read full test data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can an AC Type 2 SPD Be Used on the PV DC Side?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normally, a conventional AC SPD should not be substituted for a PV-specific DC SPD simply because the voltage printed on the device appears similar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 specifically covers SPDs designed for the DC side of PV generators and inverter DC inputs up to <strong>1.500 V CC<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The buyer should therefore check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV DC application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ucpv<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iscpv<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PV connection diagram<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applicable PV SPD standard<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">rather than only checking the voltage value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical SPD Selection Checklist for a Spanish Solar Project<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Checklist infographic showing the information needed before selecting or requesting a DC SPD for a solar PV project in Spain\" class=\"wp-image-4317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/solar-pv-dc-spd-selection-checklist-spain.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Before requesting a quotation, collect the key project, voltage, lightning and installation data.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before requesting a quotation or approving an SPD, collect the following information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Categor\u00eda<\/td><td>Information Required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Project<\/strong><\/td><td>Country, city, roof or ground-mounted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PV voltage<\/strong><\/td><td>Maximum Voc and nominal system voltage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Temperatura<\/strong><\/td><td>Minimum design temperature<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Rayo<\/strong><\/td><td>External LPS and risk assessment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Separation<\/strong><\/td><td>Whether required separation can be maintained<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ubicaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td><td>Combiner box, inverter input, entry point<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cable<\/strong><\/td><td>Length between array, combiner and inverter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SPD type<\/strong><\/td><td>Type 1, Type 2 or Type 1+2 if specified<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Current ratings<\/strong><\/td><td>Iimp, In and Imax<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Protecci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td><td>Required Up<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PV fault current<\/strong><\/td><td>Iscpv<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Configuraci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td><td>Poles and earthing arrangement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Supervisi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td><td>Remote signalling required or not<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Documentaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td><td>Certification and test-report requirements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cantidad<\/strong><\/td><td>Required project quantity<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A technically useful RFQ is therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c1500V DC PV project, inverter input protection, external LPS installed, Type 1+2 required, please confirm Ucpv, Iimp, In, Imax, Up, Iscpv, connection configuration and IEC 61643-31 test documentation.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This gives a manufacturer far more useful information than:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cPlease quote 1500V SPD.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Decision flowchart for evaluating Type 1, Type 2 or Type 1+2 DC SPD in a solar PV installation\" class=\"wp-image-4316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-1-vs-type-2-spd-solar-decision-flowchart.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A simple decision flow can help determine whether Type 1, Type 2 or Type 1+2 should be evaluated.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Decision Table<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you only remember one table from this article, use this one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Pregunta<\/td><td>If Yes<\/td><td>If No<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is partial lightning current expected at this point?<\/td><td>Evaluate Type 1 \/ Type 1+2<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is protection mainly against induced and switching surges?<\/td><td>Evaluate Type 2<\/td><td>Review risk concept<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Are both functions required at the same point?<\/td><td>Evaluate Type 1+2<\/td><td>Select required individual function<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is Ucpv above maximum corrected PV Voc?<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><td>Select another SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is Up suitable for protected equipment?<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><td>Re-evaluate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is Iscpv adequate?<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><td>Re-evaluate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is the cable route long?<\/td><td>Check additional coordinated SPD<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Is the product tested for PV DC use?<\/td><td>Continue<\/td><td>Do not substitute blindly<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The difference between <strong>Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar<\/strong> cannot be reduced to one product being stronger or better than another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For most projects, the correct logic is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tipo 2<\/strong><br>\u2192 commonly evaluated for induced lightning and switching overvoltages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tipo 1<\/strong><br>\u2192 evaluated when partial lightning current may enter the PV electrical installation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tipo 1+2<\/strong><br>\u2192 evaluated where both functions are required at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a solar PV project in Spain, the final decision should consider:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lightning protection concept<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>External LPS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separation conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum corrected PV Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ucpv<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iimp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arriba<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iscpv<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Longitud del cable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SPD coordination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Applicable Spanish and IEC requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most importantly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Do not specify Type 1+2 simply because it appears to offer the highest level of protection. Specify the SPD that matches the actual lightning and surge conditions of the project.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 provides the PV-specific product framework for DC-side SPDs up to 1,500 V DC, while IEC 61643-32 addresses their selection, location and coordination within PV systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For product selection, you can view KUANGYA <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-spd\/\">Type 2 and Type 1+2 DC SPDs<\/a><\/strong>, or send us:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tensi\u00f3n del sistema<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum PV Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installation drawing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lightning protection information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SPD installation location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required ratings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cantidad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">for product-selection support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Is a Type 2 SPD enough for a residential solar installation?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Type 2 is commonly evaluated for residential PV installations where the protection requirement is primarily against induced lightning and switching surges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the external lightning protection system, cable arrangement, separation conditions and project requirements must also be checked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, Type 2 should not automatically be assumed suitable for every residential installation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Does a building with a lightning rod always require a Type 1 DC SPD?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The presence of an external lightning protection system is an important design factor, but it does not by itself prove that every DC SPD must be Type 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The engineer should also evaluate separation, bonding, cable routing and whether partial lightning current can enter the PV circuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Is Type 1+2 better than Type 2?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not automatically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Type 1+2 provides combined lightning-current and surge-protection functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the project only requires Type 2 performance at a particular installation point, selecting Type 1+2 solely because it appears \u201cstronger\u201d does not necessarily improve the overall protection design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Can a Type 1+2 SPD replace separate Type 1 and Type 2 SPDs?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At some installation points, a properly selected Type 1+2 device can provide both functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, this does not mean one Type 1+2 SPD can automatically replace all coordinated SPDs throughout a PV system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Long cable routes and multiple protection zones may still require additional devices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. What is the difference between Iimp and Imax?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iimp is associated with lightning impulse-current capability and is particularly important when evaluating Type 1 protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imax is associated with the maximum discharge-current capability used for Type 2 performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two values should not be treated as interchangeable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A high Imax does not automatically provide the Iimp performance required for Type 1 applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Can an AC Type 2 SPD be used on the DC side of a solar installation?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A conventional AC SPD should not be selected for PV DC use simply because its voltage rating appears suitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PV DC SPDs should be designed and tested for the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic DC circuits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 specifically covers SPDs for the DC side of PV systems up to 1,500 V DC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Where should the SPD be installed if the DC cable is long?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Long cable routes may require coordinated SPDs at more than one location, such as near the array or combiner box and near the inverter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The actual arrangement depends on cable length, installation layout, external lightning protection and equipment requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-32 specifically addresses SPD location and coordination in photovoltaic installations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Which standard applies to PV DC SPDs in Spain?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNE-EN 61643-31 \/ IEC 61643-31 is an important product reference for PV DC surge protective devices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-32 provides principles for selection, installation and coordination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spanish electrical regulations, lightning-protection requirements and individual project specifications must also be considered before final selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Does every solar installation in Spain require Type 1 SPD?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPD type should be determined from the lightning protection concept, installation arrangement and applicable project requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSpain = Type 1\u201d is not a technically correct selection rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. What information should I send a supplier before requesting a DC SPD quotation?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At minimum, provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum PV voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum array Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installation position<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>External lightning protection information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required SPD type<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iimp \/ In \/ Imax if specified<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required Up<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u00famero de postes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cantidad<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required certificates and test documents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This allows the supplier to check the actual technical requirement rather than quoting only according to voltage.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When comparing Type 1 vs Type 2 SPD for solar applications, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 1+2 SPDs should not be treated as three quality levels of the same product. They are intended for different surge conditions. In many photovoltaic installations, a Type 2 DC SPD is used where the main risk comes from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4319,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4308"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4320,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4308\/revisions\/4320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4319"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}