{"id":4291,"date":"2026-08-17T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T07:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=4291"},"modified":"2026-08-17T16:03:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T08:03:50","slug":"dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/blog\/dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3mo elegir un SPD de CC para instalaciones solares en Espa\u00f1a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos est\u00e1n expuestos a sobretensiones transitorias causadas por la actividad de rayos cercana, operaciones de conmutaci\u00f3n y perturbaciones transmitidas a trav\u00e9s de circuitos el\u00e9ctricos conectados. Estos eventos pueden da\u00f1ar inversores, equipos de monitorizaci\u00f3n, cajas de conexiones y otros componentes sensibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elegir el <strong>SPD de CC correcto para instalaciones solares en Espa\u00f1a<\/strong> requiere algo m\u00e1s que hacer coincidir un dispositivo con la tensi\u00f3n nominal del sistema. Los dise\u00f1adores e instaladores tambi\u00e9n deben considerar la tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de circuito abierto fotovoltaico, la clasificaci\u00f3n del SPD, la capacidad de descarga, el nivel de protecci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n, la disposici\u00f3n de puesta a tierra del sistema, la distancia del cable, la ubicaci\u00f3n de la instalaci\u00f3n y las normas aplicables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sin embargo, elegir un SPD de CC implica algo m\u00e1s que hacer coincidir un dispositivo con una tensi\u00f3n nominal del sistema. Los dise\u00f1adores e instaladores tambi\u00e9n deben considerar la tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de circuito abierto fotovoltaico, la clasificaci\u00f3n del SPD, la capacidad de descarga, el nivel de protecci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n, la disposici\u00f3n de puesta a tierra del sistema, la distancia del cable, la ubicaci\u00f3n de la instalaci\u00f3n y las normas aplicables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Esta gu\u00eda explica c\u00f3mo elegir un SPD de CC para instalaciones solares en Espa\u00f1a e identifica la informaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica que debe confirmarse antes de solicitar un presupuesto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por qu\u00e9 los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos necesitan protecci\u00f3n contra sobretensiones de CC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los m\u00f3dulos fotovoltaicos y sus cables de conexi\u00f3n se instalan normalmente en \u00e1reas extensas y expuestas. Las rutas largas de cables de CC pueden actuar como v\u00edas a trav\u00e9s de las cuales las sobretensiones transitorias inducidas por rayos y relacionadas con la conmutaci\u00f3n llegan al inversor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Una sobretensi\u00f3n no tiene por qu\u00e9 originarse necesariamente de un impacto directo de rayo en el conjunto fotovoltaico. Los rayos cercanos pueden inducir tensiones transitorias en los cables de CC, mientras que las operaciones de conmutaci\u00f3n dentro de la instalaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n pueden crear perturbaciones el\u00e9ctricas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un SPD de CC est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ado para:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Limitar la tensi\u00f3n transitoria a un nivel aceptable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Desviar la corriente de sobretensi\u00f3n hacia el sistema de puesta a tierra de protecci\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reducir el estr\u00e9s el\u00e9ctrico en el aislamiento del inversor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proteger la caja combinadora y los componentes de monitoreo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reducir la probabilidad de tiempos de inactividad causados por da\u00f1os relacionados con sobretensiones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un SPD no sustituye a un fusible, interruptor autom\u00e1tico, seccionador, sistema de puesta a tierra o sistema de protecci\u00f3n externa contra el rayo. Cada dispositivo realiza una funci\u00f3n de protecci\u00f3n diferente y debe coordinarse como parte del dise\u00f1o fotovoltaico completo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reglamentos y normas relevantes para Espa\u00f1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las instalaciones el\u00e9ctricas de baja tensi\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a se rigen por el Reglamento Electrot\u00e9cnico para Baja Tensi\u00f3n, conocido com\u00fanmente como REBT. El dise\u00f1o aplicable tambi\u00e9n debe considerar las instrucciones t\u00e9cnicas vigentes, las especificaciones del proyecto, los requisitos locales y las normas referenciadas por el reglamento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La lista oficial de normas asociadas al REBT en Espa\u00f1a incluye:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos y m\u00e9todos de ensayo para SPD utilizados en instalaciones fotovoltaicas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-11<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos y m\u00e9todos de ensayo para dispositivos de protecci\u00f3n contra sobretensiones (SPD) conectados a sistemas de potencia de baja tensi\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-HD 60364-4-443<\/strong> \u2013 Protecci\u00f3n contra sobretensiones transitorias de origen atmosf\u00e9rico o causadas por maniobras<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas internacionales, tambi\u00e9n son importantes los siguientes documentos IEC:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos y m\u00e9todos de ensayo para SPD en el lado de CC de instalaciones fotovoltaicas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-32<\/strong> \u2013 Principios de selecci\u00f3n y aplicaci\u00f3n para SPD de CC en sistemas fotovoltaicos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 60364-7-712<\/strong> \u2013 Requisitos de instalaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica para sistemas de suministro de energ\u00eda fotovoltaica<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La norma IEC 61643-31 se aplica a los SPD conectados al lado de CC de instalaciones fotovoltaicas con tensiones nominales de hasta 1.500 V CC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los requisitos del proyecto pueden variar seg\u00fan el tipo de instalaci\u00f3n, la evaluaci\u00f3n de riesgos, la ubicaci\u00f3n, el dise\u00f1o del inversor, el sistema de protecci\u00f3n contra rayos externo y los requisitos de las autoridades espa\u00f1olas o del instalador autorizado. Por lo tanto, la selecci\u00f3n del producto debe ser confirmada por el dise\u00f1ador del proyecto o un profesional el\u00e9ctrico cualificado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Paso 1: Calcular la tensi\u00f3n fotovoltaica m\u00e1xima<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El primer par\u00e1metro de selecci\u00f3n es la tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de funcionamiento continuo del SPD para el sistema fotovoltaico, normalmente identificada como <strong>Ucpv<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No seleccione un SPD bas\u00e1ndose \u00fanicamente en la tensi\u00f3n nominal de funcionamiento del inversor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima de una cadena fotovoltaica depende de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>N\u00famero de m\u00f3dulos conectados en serie<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tensi\u00f3n de circuito abierto del m\u00f3dulo, o Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temperatura m\u00ednima esperada en el lugar de la instalaci\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coeficiente de temperatura del m\u00f3dulo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Factores de seguridad de dise\u00f1o requeridos por el proyecto<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El voltaje del m\u00f3dulo fotovoltaico aumenta a medida que disminuye la temperatura. Por lo tanto, el voltaje de circuito abierto m\u00e1ximo en condiciones de fr\u00edo de la cadena completa puede ser superior a su valor bajo condiciones de prueba est\u00e1ndar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El Ucpv del SPD debe ser adecuado para el voltaje m\u00e1ximo que puede aparecer de forma continua a trav\u00e9s del arreglo fotovoltaico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clases de voltaje t\u00edpicas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Sistema fotovoltaico<\/th><th>Clase de voltaje com\u00fan del SPD<\/th><th>Verificaci\u00f3n importante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sistema fotovoltaico residencial peque\u00f1o<\/td><td>600 V CC<\/td><td>Verificar la tensi\u00f3n de circuito abierto (Voc) m\u00e1xima de la cadena en condiciones de fr\u00edo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fotovoltaica residencial o comercial<\/td><td>1.000 V CC<\/td><td>Confirmar los l\u00edmites de tensi\u00f3n del inversor y de la cadena (string)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fotovoltaica comercial o a escala de servicio p\u00fablico<\/td><td>1.500 V CC<\/td><td>Utilice un SPD dise\u00f1ado espec\u00edficamente para sistemas fotovoltaicos de 1.500 V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Estos son ejemplos de aplicaci\u00f3n, no reglas de selecci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica. La tensi\u00f3n final del SPD debe basarse en la tensi\u00f3n fotovoltaica m\u00e1xima calculada y en el esquema de conexi\u00f3n del fabricante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"600V 1000V and 1500V DC SPD voltage options\" class=\"wp-image-4293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Las opciones de tensi\u00f3n del SPD de CC deben ajustarse a la tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1xima calculada del sistema fotovoltaico<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seleccionar un SPD con una Ucpv insuficiente puede provocar un funcionamiento prematuro, sobrecalentamiento o desconexi\u00f3n. Seleccionar una tensi\u00f3n nominal innecesariamente m\u00e1s alta de lo requerido puede resultar en un nivel de protecci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n m\u00e1s elevado y una protecci\u00f3n menos eficaz para los equipos sensibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Paso 2: Elija Tipo 1, Tipo 2 o Tipo 1+2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los SPD para sistemas fotovoltaicos se clasifican normalmente seg\u00fan la corriente de descarga que est\u00e1n dise\u00f1ados para soportar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo 2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un SPD de Tipo 2 se utiliza habitualmente para proteger contra sobretensiones inducidas por rayos y sobretensiones de maniobra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las aplicaciones t\u00edpicas son:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sistemas fotovoltaicos residenciales en tejados<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instalaciones fotovoltaicas comerciales en tejados<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cajas combinadoras de CC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cajas de distribuci\u00f3n de arreglos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entradas de CC de inversores<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sistemas donde no se espera corriente de rayo directa en la ubicaci\u00f3n del SPD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Type 2 DC SPD installed in a photovoltaic combiner box\" class=\"wp-image-4294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Los SPD de CC Tipo 2 se instalan com\u00fanmente en cajas combinadoras fotovoltaicas para limitar las sobretensiones inducidas y de conmutaci\u00f3n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los dispositivos Tipo 2 se especifican normalmente utilizando la corriente de descarga nominal <strong>En<\/strong> y la corriente de descarga m\u00e1xima <strong>Imax<\/strong>, basadas en una forma de onda de corriente de 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo 1 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un SPD Tipo 1 est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ado para descargar corriente de rayo parcial. Puede ser necesario cuando el dise\u00f1o de protecci\u00f3n contra rayos indica que la corriente de rayo puede ingresar a la instalaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La selecci\u00f3n del Tipo 1 se asocia t\u00edpicamente con:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Edificios equipados con un sistema de protecci\u00f3n contra rayos externo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instalaciones donde no se puede mantener la distancia de separaci\u00f3n requerida<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sistemas fotovoltaicos a escala de servicio p\u00fablico expuestos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ubicaciones identificadas por la evaluaci\u00f3n de riesgo de rayos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Puntos donde una corriente de rayo directa parcial puede ingresar a los circuitos de CC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La capacidad de Tipo 1 se expresa normalmente utilizando la corriente de descarga de impulso <strong>Iimp<\/strong>, basada en una forma de onda de 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo 1+2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un SPD de Tipo 1+2 combina la protecci\u00f3n contra corrientes de rayo y sobretensiones inducidas en un solo dispositivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Puede considerarse para:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sitios fotovoltaicos expuestos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entradas de inversor que requieren protecci\u00f3n combinada<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Instalaciones con protecci\u00f3n contra rayos externa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proyectos que especifican rendimiento de Tipo 1 y Tipo 2 en la misma ubicaci\u00f3n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El tipo de SPD debe seleccionarse de acuerdo con el concepto de protecci\u00f3n contra rayos del proyecto. No debe elegirse solo porque un n\u00famero de tipo m\u00e1s alto parezca m\u00e1s potente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Paso 3: Comparar In, Imax, Iimp y Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las diferentes clasificaciones de SPD describen diferentes aspectos del rendimiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corriente de descarga nominal: In<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>En<\/strong> indica la corriente que un SPD de Tipo 2 puede descargar repetidamente bajo las condiciones de prueba especificadas, normalmente utilizando una forma de onda de 8\/20 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Es uno de los valores nominales principales utilizados al comparar SPD de Tipo 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corriente de descarga m\u00e1xima: Imax<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Imax<\/strong> es la corriente de descarga m\u00e1xima de 8\/20 \u03bcs que el SPD puede manejar bajo sus condiciones de prueba especificadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Un valor nominal de Imax alto por s\u00ed solo no demuestra que un SPD sea adecuado para una instalaci\u00f3n en particular. Debe considerarse junto con In, Up, Ucpv, el comportamiento ante cortocircuitos, la disposici\u00f3n de la conexi\u00f3n y la norma de prueba aplicable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Corriente de descarga de impulso: Iimp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iimp<\/strong> se utiliza para dispositivos de Tipo 1 y Tipo 1+2 y representa la capacidad de corriente de impulso de rayo utilizando una forma de onda de 10\/350 \u03bcs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuando se requiera protecci\u00f3n de Tipo 1, compare el valor de Iimp por polo o modo de protecci\u00f3n de acuerdo con la especificaci\u00f3n del proyecto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nivel de protecci\u00f3n de tensi\u00f3n: Up<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Arriba<\/strong> indica la tensi\u00f3n residual que aparece en los bornes del SPD durante la prueba de descarga especificada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Up value should be lower than the impulse withstand level of the equipment being protected. Connection cables also add voltage during a surge, so the effective protection level at the inverter can be higher than the SPD\u2019s catalogue value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why short, direct SPD connections are essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer checking DC SPD discharge and protection ratings\" class=\"wp-image-4295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ucpv, In, Imax, Iimp, and Up should be evaluated together during DC SPD selection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Confirm the PV System Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV DC circuit may be floating, functionally earthed, or configured according to a specific inverter topology. The SPD must use a connection arrangement suitable for that system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before selecting the number of poles or protection modes, confirm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Positive conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether either DC pole is earthed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter insulation and monitoring method<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required SPD wiring topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of strings and combiner boxes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not assume that an AC SPD with a similar voltage can be used on the PV DC side. PV systems have specific continuous-voltage and fault-current characteristics. The device should be designed and tested for photovoltaic DC applications according to IEC\/UNE-EN 61643-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Check Short-Circuit and Backup Protection Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV SPD must be able to disconnect safely if it reaches the end of its service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important parameters include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV short-circuit withstand capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal thermal disconnector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required upstream backup fuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum permissible backup protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available prospective fault current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination with gPV fuses or DC circuit breakers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The external backup fuse should not be selected only according to the SPD\u2019s physical size. Follow the SPD manufacturer\u2019s data sheet and verify compatibility with the PV string current and the system\u2019s fault characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD protects against transient overvoltage. The gPV fuse or DC breaker protects against overcurrent and short-circuit conditions. One device cannot replace the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6: Select the Correct Installation Location<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical DC SPD locations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV array or string box<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Caja combinadora de CC<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main DC distribution cabinet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entrada CC del inversor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both ends of a long DC cable route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most suitable arrangement depends on cable length, exposure, lightning protection design, equipment withstand level, and project risk assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a compact rooftop installation with short DC cable routes, a Type 2 SPD near the inverter may provide the required protection when permitted by the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For longer routes between the PV array and inverter, coordinated SPDs may be required at both ends. This reduces the voltage stress that can develop along the cable and improves protection for equipment at each location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"DC SPD placement along a long photovoltaic cable route\" class=\"wp-image-4296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Long DC cable routes may require coordinated surge protection near the array and inverter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some industry design guidance uses approximately 10 metres as a point at which additional coordination should be considered. This should not be treated as a universal rule for every Spanish installation. The final placement must follow the applicable design standard, risk assessment, cable routing, and equipment manufacturer\u2019s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 7: Keep SPD Connections Short<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even a correctly rated SPD can provide poor protection if it is installed with long or badly routed cables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During a surge, cable inductance creates additional voltage. Longer conductors can therefore increase the total voltage reaching the inverter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good installation practice includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keeping conductors as short and direct as possible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding unnecessary cable loops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Routing positive, negative, and PE connections appropriately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the conductor size specified by the manufacturer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Providing a reliable PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding sharp bends where practical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separating protected and unprotected conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Following the SPD wiring diagram exactly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is to reduce the total connection length and minimise the effective protection level at the protected equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 8: Consider the Enclosure and Environment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DIN-rail SPD modules do not automatically provide outdoor protection. Their environmental protection depends on the enclosure in which they are installed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For rooftop and outdoor PV systems in Spain, check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enclosure IP rating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ambient temperature range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UV exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Condensation risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ventilaci\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Altitud<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pollution level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terminal torque requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility for inspection and replacement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor enclosure for a photovoltaic DC SPD in Spain\" class=\"wp-image-4297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Outdoor SPD installations depend on a suitable enclosure, temperature range, and environmental protection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD\u2019s declared ratings apply under the operating conditions stated in its data sheet. High internal cabinet temperatures should be considered, especially in outdoor enclosures exposed to direct sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 9: Plan Inspection and Replacement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPDs are not permanent, maintenance-free components. Their protective elements can deteriorate after repeated surge events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Useful maintenance features include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visual status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replaceable plug-in cartridge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remote signalling contact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear model and voltage identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessible DIN-rail mounting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The module should be inspected according to the maintenance plan and after significant lightning activity or a known surge event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Replace the module when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The status indicator shows end of life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The thermal disconnector has operated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are signs of overheating or damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The device fails inspection or testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replacement is required by the manufacturer\u2019s instructions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Technician replacing a photovoltaic DC SPD module\" class=\"wp-image-4298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Replaceable SPD cartridges simplify inspection and maintenance after the status indicator shows end of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always isolate the relevant DC circuit and follow safe working procedures before inspection or replacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Selection Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Project Condition<\/th><th>SPD Selection to Evaluate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Residential rooftop PV without expected lightning-current entry<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial rooftop with long DC cable routes<\/td><td>Coordinated Type 2 SPDs at suitable locations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building with an external lightning protection system<\/td><td>Type 1 or Type 1+2, depending on the lightning protection design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Utility-scale 1,500 V PV array<\/td><td>PV-specific 1,500 V SPD with suitable Type and discharge ratings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combiner box exposed to induced surges<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inverter requiring combined lightning and surge protection<\/td><td>Type 1+2 PV DC SPD if specified by the design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This table is a preliminary guide only. It does not replace the project risk assessment or the work of an authorised electrical designer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Information to Send When Requesting a DC SPD Quotation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providing complete technical information helps the supplier select the correct product and prevents delays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Send the following details:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Country and project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residential, commercial, industrial, or utility-scale application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum calculated PV string voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nominal DC system voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required In, Imax, or Iimp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required voltage protection level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of poles and connection diagram<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disposici\u00f3n de puesta a tierra<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter model and number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ubicaci\u00f3n de instalaci\u00f3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required quantity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required certification and documentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OEM label or packaging requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delivery location and project schedule<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the SPD type is not yet confirmed, provide the PV module data, number of modules per string, minimum design temperature, inverter model, system drawing, and lightning protection information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common DC SPD Selection Mistakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid these common errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selecting the SPD only by nominal voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring cold-condition PV string Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using an AC SPD on the DC side<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choosing Type 2 where Type 1 capability is required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comparing products only by Imax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring Up and equipment withstand voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing the SPD with long connecting wires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the wrong protection topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring backup-fuse requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing indoor modules in an unsuitable outdoor enclosure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failing to inspect the status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assuming one SPD automatically protects every part of a large PV installation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00f3mo elegir un SPD de CC para instalaciones solares en Espa\u00f1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecting a suitable <strong>SPD de CC correcto para instalaciones solares en Espa\u00f1a<\/strong> requires coordination between the PV system voltage, lightning risk, SPD classification, installation location, earthing arrangement, and applicable Spanish requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important steps are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Calculate the maximum cold-condition PV voltage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select the correct Ucpv rating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determine whether Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2 is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare In, Imax, Iimp, and Up.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirm the system topology and number of protection modes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check short-circuit and backup-protection requirements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose suitable installation locations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep connecting conductors short.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify enclosure and environmental conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plan inspection and cartridge replacement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KUANGYA supplies DC SPDs for solar PV applications in 600 V, 1,000 V, and 1,500 V configurations, including Type 2 and Type 1+2 options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View the <a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-spd\/\">KUANGYA DC SPD range for photovoltaic systems<\/a> or contact us with your system voltage, SPD type, discharge-current requirements, wiring configuration, quantity, and project location to request a data sheet and B2B quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is a Type 2 SPD suitable for every rooftop PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not automatically. Type 2 is widely used for induced lightning and switching surges, but the final selection depends on the lightning protection system, risk assessment, equipment location, and project requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I use a 1,000 V SPD in a 1,000 V PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only if the SPD\u2019s Ucpv is suitable for the maximum calculated PV voltage under the lowest expected temperature. Do not rely only on the nominal system description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the difference between In and Imax?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In is the nominal discharge current used to evaluate repeated Type 2 surge performance. Imax is the maximum 8\/20 \u03bcs discharge current the SPD can withstand under specified test conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When is a Type 1+2 SPD used?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used where the design requires both partial lightning-current discharge and Type 2 surge-limiting performance at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where should the DC SPD be installed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common locations include the combiner box and inverter DC input. Long cable routes or exposed systems may require coordinated SPDs at more than one location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which standard applies to photovoltaic DC SPDs in Spain?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNE-EN 61643-31 is the principal Spanish standard covering requirements and test methods for SPDs used in photovoltaic installations. The complete installation must also follow the REBT and other applicable technical requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-18099\" rel=\"noopener\">Spain\u2019s Low-Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation \u2013 REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-6773\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 Spanish list of standards referenced by the REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/26931\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-31: Requirements for PV surge protective devices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/30774\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-32: Selection and application of PV DC SPDs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/65748\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 60364-7-712: Requirements for PV installations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article provides general technical guidance. Final SPD selection and installation should be verified by the responsible project designer or an authorised electrical professional in accordance with current Spanish requirements.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Solar photovoltaic systems are exposed to transient overvoltages caused by nearby lightning activity, switching operations, and disturbances transmitted through connected electrical circuits. These events may damage inverters, monitoring equipment, combiner boxes, and other sensitive components. Choosing the correct DC SPD for solar installations in Spain requires more than matching a device to the nominal system [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4291"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4301,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions\/4301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}