{"id":4291,"date":"2026-08-17T15:47:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T07:47:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=4291"},"modified":"2026-08-17T16:03:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T08:03:50","slug":"dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/blog\/dc-spd-for-solar-installations-in-spain\/","title":{"rendered":"Auswahl eines DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4ts (SPD) f\u00fcr Solaranlagen in Spanien"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Photovoltaikanlagen sind transienten \u00dcberspannungen ausgesetzt, die durch Blitzeinschl\u00e4ge in der N\u00e4he, Schaltvorg\u00e4nge und St\u00f6rungen in angeschlossenen Stromkreisen verursacht werden. Diese Ereignisse k\u00f6nnen Wechselrichter, \u00dcberwachungsger\u00e4te, Anschlussk\u00e4sten und andere empfindliche Komponenten besch\u00e4digen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Auswahl des richtigen <strong>DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4ts (SPD) f\u00fcr Solaranlagen in Spanien<\/strong> erfordert mehr als nur die Anpassung eines Ger\u00e4ts an die Nennspannung des Systems. Planer und Installateure m\u00fcssen zudem die maximale Leerlaufspannung der PV-Anlage, die SPD-Klassifizierung, das Ableitverm\u00f6gen, den Schutzpegel, die Erdungskonfiguration des Systems, die Leitungsl\u00e4nge, den Installationsort sowie die geltenden Normen ber\u00fccksichtigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Auswahl eines DC-SPD umfasst jedoch mehr als nur die Anpassung eines Ger\u00e4ts an eine Nennspannung. Planer und Installateure m\u00fcssen zudem die maximale Leerlaufspannung der PV-Anlage, die SPD-Klassifizierung, das Ableitverm\u00f6gen, den Schutzpegel, die Erdungskonfiguration des Systems, die Leitungsl\u00e4nge, den Installationsort sowie die geltenden Normen ber\u00fccksichtigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dieser Leitfaden erl\u00e4utert die Auswahl eines DC-SPD f\u00fcr Solaranlagen in Spanien und nennt die technischen Informationen, die vor einer Angebotsanfrage best\u00e4tigt werden sollten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Warum Photovoltaikanlagen einen DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutz ben\u00f6tigen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PV-Module und deren Anschlussleitungen werden \u00fcblicherweise \u00fcber gro\u00dfe, exponierte Fl\u00e4chen installiert. Lange DC-Leitungswege k\u00f6nnen als Pfade dienen, \u00fcber die blitzinduzierte und schaltbedingte transiente \u00dcberspannungen den Wechselrichter erreichen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eine \u00dcberspannung muss nicht zwangsl\u00e4ufig von einem direkten Blitzeinschlag in die PV-Anlage herr\u00fchren. Blitzeinschl\u00e4ge in der N\u00e4he k\u00f6nnen transiente Spannungen in DC-Leitungen induzieren, w\u00e4hrend Schaltvorg\u00e4nge innerhalb der Installation ebenfalls elektrische St\u00f6rungen verursachen k\u00f6nnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4t (SPD) ist daf\u00fcr ausgelegt:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transiente Spannungen auf ein akzeptables Niveau zu begrenzen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sto\u00dfstr\u00f6me in das Schutzerdungssystem abzuleiten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Die elektrische Belastung der Wechselrichterisolierung zu reduzieren<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generatoranschlussk\u00e4sten und \u00dcberwachungskomponenten zu sch\u00fctzen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verringerung der Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit durch \u00fcberspannungsbedingte Sch\u00e4den<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4t (SPD) ersetzt weder eine Sicherung, einen Leitungsschutzschalter, einen Trennschalter, ein Erdungssystem noch ein \u00e4u\u00dferes Blitzschutzsystem. Jedes Ger\u00e4t erf\u00fcllt eine unterschiedliche Schutzfunktion und muss als Teil des gesamten PV-Anlagendesigns koordiniert werden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">F\u00fcr Spanien relevante Vorschriften und Normen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Niederspannungsinstallationen in Spanien unterliegen dem Reglamento Electrot\u00e9cnico para Baja Tensi\u00f3n, allgemein bekannt als REBT. Das anzuwendende Design muss zudem die aktuellen technischen Anweisungen, Projektspezifikationen, lokalen Anforderungen sowie die in der Verordnung referenzierten Normen ber\u00fccksichtigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die offizielle Liste der mit dem REBT verbundenen Normen in Spanien umfasst:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Anforderungen und Pr\u00fcfverfahren f\u00fcr \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te in Photovoltaikanlagen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-EN 61643-11<\/strong> \u2013 Anforderungen und Pr\u00fcfverfahren f\u00fcr \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te in Niederspannungsanlagen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNE-HD 60364-4-443<\/strong> \u2013 Schutz bei transienten \u00dcberspannungen infolge atmosph\u00e4rischer Einfl\u00fcsse oder Schaltvorg\u00e4ngen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00fcr internationale PV-Anwendungen sind zudem folgende IEC-Dokumente von Bedeutung:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-31<\/strong> \u2013 Anforderungen und Pr\u00fcfverfahren f\u00fcr \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te auf der Gleichstromseite von Photovoltaik-Anlagen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 61643-32<\/strong> \u2013 Auswahl- und Anwendungsprinzipien f\u00fcr PV-Gleichstrom-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IEC 60364-7-712<\/strong> \u2013 Anforderungen an die elektrische Installation von Photovoltaik-Stromversorgungssystemen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IEC 61643-31 gilt f\u00fcr \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te, die an die Gleichstromseite von Photovoltaik-Anlagen mit Nennspannungen bis 1.500 V DC angeschlossen sind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Projektanforderungen k\u00f6nnen je nach Installationsart, Risikobewertung, Standort, Wechselrichterdesign, externem Blitzschutzsystem sowie den Anforderungen der spanischen Beh\u00f6rden oder des autorisierten Installateurs variieren. Die Produktauswahl sollte daher vom Projektplaner oder einer qualifizierten Elektrofachkraft best\u00e4tigt werden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schritt 1: Berechnung der maximalen PV-Spannung<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Der erste Auswahlparameter ist die maximale Dauerspannung des SPD f\u00fcr das PV-System, die normalerweise wie folgt gekennzeichnet ist: <strong>Ucpv<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W\u00e4hlen Sie ein SPD nicht allein auf Basis der Nennbetriebsspannung des Wechselrichters aus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die maximale Spannung eines PV-Strangs h\u00e4ngt ab von:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anzahl der in Reihe geschalteten Module<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leerlaufspannung des Moduls, oder Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Niedrigste zu erwartende Standorttemperatur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temperaturkoeffizient des Moduls<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vom Projekt geforderte Sicherheitsbeiwerte<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Spannung von PV-Modulen steigt bei sinkender Temperatur. Daher kann die maximale Leerlaufspannung des gesamten Strangs unter K\u00e4ltebedingungen h\u00f6her sein als unter Standardtestbedingungen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Ucpv des SPD muss f\u00fcr die maximale Spannung geeignet sein, die dauerhaft am PV-Generator anliegen kann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typische Spannungsklassen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>PV-Anlage<\/th><th>G\u00e4ngige SPD-Spannungsklasse<\/th><th>Wichtige \u00dcberpr\u00fcfung<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Kleine PV-Wohnanlage<\/td><td>600 V DC<\/td><td>\u00dcberpr\u00fcfung der maximalen Leerlaufspannung (Voc) des Strings im kalten Zustand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Photovoltaikanlagen f\u00fcr Wohn- oder Gewerbegeb\u00e4ude<\/td><td>1.000 V DC<\/td><td>Wechselrichter- und String-Spannungsgrenzen pr\u00fcfen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kommerzielle oder gro\u00dftechnische PV-Anlagen<\/td><td>1.500 V DC<\/td><td>Verwenden Sie einen SPD, der speziell f\u00fcr 1.500-V-PV-Systeme ausgelegt ist<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dies sind Anwendungsbeispiele, keine automatischen Auswahlregeln. Die endg\u00fcltige SPD-Spannung muss auf der berechneten maximalen PV-Spannung und dem Anschlussplan des Herstellers basieren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"600V 1000V and 1500V DC SPD voltage options\" class=\"wp-image-4293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/600v-1000v-1500v-dc-spd-selection.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Die DC-SPD-Spannungsoptionen m\u00fcssen auf die maximal berechnete PV-Systemspannung abgestimmt sein<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Auswahl eines SPD mit unzureichender Ucpv kann zu vorzeitigem Ansprechen, \u00dcberhitzung oder Trennung f\u00fchren. Die Wahl einer unn\u00f6tig hohen Spannungsbemessung kann zu einem h\u00f6heren Spannungsschutzpegel und einem weniger wirksamen Schutz f\u00fcr empfindliche Ger\u00e4te f\u00fchren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schritt 2: W\u00e4hlen Sie Typ 1, Typ 2 oder Typ 1+2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PV-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te werden normalerweise nach dem Sto\u00dfstrom klassifiziert, f\u00fcr den sie ausgelegt sind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typ 2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein Typ 2 \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4t wird \u00fcblicherweise zum Schutz vor induzierten Blitzsto\u00dfstr\u00f6men und Schalt\u00fcberspannungen verwendet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typische Anwendungen sind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV-Dachanlagen f\u00fcr Wohngeb\u00e4ude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PV-Dachanlagen f\u00fcr Gewerbegeb\u00e4ude<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DC-Generatoranschlussk\u00e4sten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>String-Verteilerk\u00e4sten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DC-Eing\u00e4nge von Wechselrichtern<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Systeme, bei denen am Einbauort des SPD kein direkter Blitzstrom zu erwarten ist<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Type 2 DC SPD installed in a photovoltaic combiner box\" class=\"wp-image-4294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/type-2-dc-spd-pv-combiner-box.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Typ-2-DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4te werden \u00fcblicherweise in PV-Generatoranschlussk\u00e4sten installiert, um induzierte und schaltbedingte \u00dcberspannungen zu begrenzen.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typ-2-Ger\u00e4te werden normalerweise unter Angabe des Nennableitsto\u00dfstroms spezifiziert <strong>Unter<\/strong> und des maximalen Ableitsto\u00dfstroms <strong>Imax<\/strong>, basierend auf einer 8\/20 \u03bcs Stromsto\u00dfform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typ 1 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein Typ-1-SPD ist f\u00fcr die Ableitung von Teilblitzstr\u00f6men ausgelegt. Er kann erforderlich sein, wenn das Blitzschutzkonzept vorsieht, dass Blitzstr\u00f6me in die elektrische Anlage gelangen k\u00f6nnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Auswahl eines Typ-1-Ger\u00e4ts ist typischerweise verbunden mit:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Geb\u00e4uden, die mit einem externen Blitzschutzsystem ausgestattet sind<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installationen, bei denen der erforderliche Trennungsabstand nicht eingehalten werden kann<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Freistehende PV-Anlagen im Versorgungsma\u00dfstab<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standorte, die durch die Blitzschutz-Risikobewertung identifiziert wurden<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Punkte, an denen teilweise direkte Blitzstr\u00f6me in DC-Stromkreise eintreten k\u00f6nnen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit von Typ 1 wird normalerweise durch den Blitzsto\u00dfstrom ausgedr\u00fcckt <strong>Iimp<\/strong>, basierend auf einer 10\/350 \u03bcs Wellenform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typ 1+2 DC SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein Typ 1+2 \u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4t kombiniert Blitzstrom- und induktiven \u00dcberspannungsschutz in einem Ger\u00e4t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Es kann in Betracht gezogen werden f\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Exponierte PV-Standorte<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wechselrichtereing\u00e4nge, die einen kombinierten Schutz erfordern<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installationen mit \u00e4u\u00dferem Blitzschutz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Projekte, die sowohl Typ-1- als auch Typ-2-Leistung am selben Standort erfordern<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Der SPD-Typ muss gem\u00e4\u00df dem Blitzschutzkonzept des Projekts ausgew\u00e4hlt werden. Er sollte nicht nur deshalb gew\u00e4hlt werden, weil eine h\u00f6here Typennummer leistungsf\u00e4higer erscheint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Schritt 3: Vergleich von In, Imax, Iimp und Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unterschiedliche SPD-Nennwerte beschreiben verschiedene Leistungsaspekte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nennableitsto\u00dfstrom: In<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Unter<\/strong> gibt den Strom an, den ein Typ-2-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4t (SPD) unter den festgelegten Testbedingungen wiederholt ableiten kann, normalerweise unter Verwendung einer 8\/20 \u03bcs-Wellenform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Er ist einer der wichtigsten Bemessungswerte beim Vergleich von Typ-2-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4ten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maximaler Ableitsto\u00dfstrom: Imax<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Imax<\/strong> ist der maximale 8\/20 \u03bcs-Ableitstrom, den das SPD unter seinen festgelegten Testbedingungen bew\u00e4ltigen kann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ein hoher Imax-Wert allein beweist nicht, dass ein SPD f\u00fcr eine bestimmte Installation geeignet ist. Er muss zusammen mit In, Up, Ucpv, dem Kurzschlussverhalten, der Anschlussart und der geltenden Pr\u00fcfnorm betrachtet werden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Blitzsto\u00dfstrom: Iimp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iimp<\/strong> wird f\u00fcr Ger\u00e4te des Typs 1 und Typs 1+2 verwendet und stellt die Blitzstromtragf\u00e4higkeit unter Verwendung einer 10\/350 \u03bcs-Wellenform dar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wenn ein Schutz vom Typ 1 erforderlich ist, vergleichen Sie den Iimp-Wert pro Pol oder Schutzmodus gem\u00e4\u00df der Projektspezifikation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spannungsschutzpegel: Up<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Nach oben<\/strong> gibt die Restspannung an, die w\u00e4hrend der spezifizierten Entladungspr\u00fcfung am SPD auftritt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Up value should be lower than the impulse withstand level of the equipment being protected. Connection cables also add voltage during a surge, so the effective protection level at the inverter can be higher than the SPD\u2019s catalogue value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is why short, direct SPD connections are essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer checking DC SPD discharge and protection ratings\" class=\"wp-image-4295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/check-dc-spd-in-imax-iimp-up-ratings.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ucpv, In, Imax, Iimp, and Up should be evaluated together during DC SPD selection<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4: Confirm the PV System Configuration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV DC circuit may be floating, functionally earthed, or configured according to a specific inverter topology. The SPD must use a connection arrangement suitable for that system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before selecting the number of poles or protection modes, confirm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Positive conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative conductor configuration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether either DC pole is earthed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter insulation and monitoring method<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required SPD wiring topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of strings and combiner boxes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do not assume that an AC SPD with a similar voltage can be used on the PV DC side. PV systems have specific continuous-voltage and fault-current characteristics. The device should be designed and tested for photovoltaic DC applications according to IEC\/UNE-EN 61643-31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5: Check Short-Circuit and Backup Protection Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A PV SPD must be able to disconnect safely if it reaches the end of its service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important parameters include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV short-circuit withstand capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internal thermal disconnector<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required upstream backup fuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum permissible backup protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Available prospective fault current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination with gPV fuses or DC circuit breakers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The external backup fuse should not be selected only according to the SPD\u2019s physical size. Follow the SPD manufacturer\u2019s data sheet and verify compatibility with the PV string current and the system\u2019s fault characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD protects against transient overvoltage. The gPV fuse or DC breaker protects against overcurrent and short-circuit conditions. One device cannot replace the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6: Select the Correct Installation Location<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical DC SPD locations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PV array or string box<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DC-Kombinatorkasten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main DC distribution cabinet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wechselrichter DC-Eingang<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both ends of a long DC cable route<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most suitable arrangement depends on cable length, exposure, lightning protection design, equipment withstand level, and project risk assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a compact rooftop installation with short DC cable routes, a Type 2 SPD near the inverter may provide the required protection when permitted by the design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For longer routes between the PV array and inverter, coordinated SPDs may be required at both ends. This reduces the voltage stress that can develop along the cable and improves protection for equipment at each location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"DC SPD placement along a long photovoltaic cable route\" class=\"wp-image-4296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/dc-spd-placement-long-pv-cable-route.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Long DC cable routes may require coordinated surge protection near the array and inverter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some industry design guidance uses approximately 10 metres as a point at which additional coordination should be considered. This should not be treated as a universal rule for every Spanish installation. The final placement must follow the applicable design standard, risk assessment, cable routing, and equipment manufacturer\u2019s instructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 7: Keep SPD Connections Short<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even a correctly rated SPD can provide poor protection if it is installed with long or badly routed cables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During a surge, cable inductance creates additional voltage. Longer conductors can therefore increase the total voltage reaching the inverter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good installation practice includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Keeping conductors as short and direct as possible<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding unnecessary cable loops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Routing positive, negative, and PE connections appropriately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the conductor size specified by the manufacturer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Providing a reliable PE connection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoiding sharp bends where practical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separating protected and unprotected conductors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Following the SPD wiring diagram exactly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is to reduce the total connection length and minimise the effective protection level at the protected equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 8: Consider the Enclosure and Environment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DIN-rail SPD modules do not automatically provide outdoor protection. Their environmental protection depends on the enclosure in which they are installed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For rooftop and outdoor PV systems in Spain, check:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enclosure IP rating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ambient temperature range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UV exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Condensation risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bel\u00fcftung<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u00f6henlage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pollution level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terminal torque requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility for inspection and replacement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Outdoor enclosure for a photovoltaic DC SPD in Spain\" class=\"wp-image-4297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/outdoor-pv-spd-enclosure-spain.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Outdoor SPD installations depend on a suitable enclosure, temperature range, and environmental protection.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The SPD\u2019s declared ratings apply under the operating conditions stated in its data sheet. High internal cabinet temperatures should be considered, especially in outdoor enclosures exposed to direct sunlight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 9: Plan Inspection and Replacement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SPDs are not permanent, maintenance-free components. Their protective elements can deteriorate after repeated surge events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Useful maintenance features include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visual status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replaceable plug-in cartridge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remote signalling contact<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear model and voltage identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessible DIN-rail mounting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The module should be inspected according to the maintenance plan and after significant lightning activity or a known surge event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Replace the module when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The status indicator shows end of life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The thermal disconnector has operated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are signs of overheating or damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The device fails inspection or testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replacement is required by the manufacturer\u2019s instructions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Technician replacing a photovoltaic DC SPD module\" class=\"wp-image-4298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/replaceable-dc-spd-module-maintenance.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Replaceable SPD cartridges simplify inspection and maintenance after the status indicator shows end of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always isolate the relevant DC circuit and follow safe working procedures before inspection or replacement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Selection Table<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Project Condition<\/th><th>SPD Selection to Evaluate<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Residential rooftop PV without expected lightning-current entry<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial rooftop with long DC cable routes<\/td><td>Coordinated Type 2 SPDs at suitable locations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Building with an external lightning protection system<\/td><td>Type 1 or Type 1+2, depending on the lightning protection design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Utility-scale 1,500 V PV array<\/td><td>PV-specific 1,500 V SPD with suitable Type and discharge ratings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Combiner box exposed to induced surges<\/td><td>Type 2 PV DC SPD<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inverter requiring combined lightning and surge protection<\/td><td>Type 1+2 PV DC SPD if specified by the design<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This table is a preliminary guide only. It does not replace the project risk assessment or the work of an authorised electrical designer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Information to Send When Requesting a DC SPD Quotation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providing complete technical information helps the supplier select the correct product and prevents delays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Send the following details:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Country and project location<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residential, commercial, industrial, or utility-scale application<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum calculated PV string voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nominal DC system voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required In, Imax, or Iimp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required voltage protection level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of poles and connection diagram<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erdungskonzept<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inverter model and number of MPPT inputs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installationsort<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required quantity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required certification and documentation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OEM label or packaging requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delivery location and project schedule<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the SPD type is not yet confirmed, provide the PV module data, number of modules per string, minimum design temperature, inverter model, system drawing, and lightning protection information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common DC SPD Selection Mistakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avoid these common errors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selecting the SPD only by nominal voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring cold-condition PV string Voc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using an AC SPD on the DC side<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choosing Type 2 where Type 1 capability is required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comparing products only by Imax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring Up and equipment withstand voltage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing the SPD with long connecting wires<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using the wrong protection topology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ignoring backup-fuse requirements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Installing indoor modules in an unsuitable outdoor enclosure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failing to inspect the status indicator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assuming one SPD automatically protects every part of a large PV installation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Auswahl eines DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4ts (SPD) f\u00fcr Solaranlagen in Spanien<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Selecting a suitable <strong>DC-\u00dcberspannungsschutzger\u00e4ts (SPD) f\u00fcr Solaranlagen in Spanien<\/strong> requires coordination between the PV system voltage, lightning risk, SPD classification, installation location, earthing arrangement, and applicable Spanish requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important steps are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Calculate the maximum cold-condition PV voltage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select the correct Ucpv rating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Determine whether Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1+2 is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare In, Imax, Iimp, and Up.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Confirm the system topology and number of protection modes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check short-circuit and backup-protection requirements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose suitable installation locations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keep connecting conductors short.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Verify enclosure and environmental conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plan inspection and cartridge replacement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KUANGYA supplies DC SPDs for solar PV applications in 600 V, 1,000 V, and 1,500 V configurations, including Type 2 and Type 1+2 options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">View the <a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/es\/dc-spd\/\">KUANGYA DC SPD range for photovoltaic systems<\/a> or contact us with your system voltage, SPD type, discharge-current requirements, wiring configuration, quantity, and project location to request a data sheet and B2B quotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u00e4ufig gestellte Fragen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is a Type 2 SPD suitable for every rooftop PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Not automatically. Type 2 is widely used for induced lightning and switching surges, but the final selection depends on the lightning protection system, risk assessment, equipment location, and project requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can I use a 1,000 V SPD in a 1,000 V PV system?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only if the SPD\u2019s Ucpv is suitable for the maximum calculated PV voltage under the lowest expected temperature. Do not rely only on the nominal system description.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is the difference between In and Imax?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In is the nominal discharge current used to evaluate repeated Type 2 surge performance. Imax is the maximum 8\/20 \u03bcs discharge current the SPD can withstand under specified test conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When is a Type 1+2 SPD used?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used where the design requires both partial lightning-current discharge and Type 2 surge-limiting performance at the same installation point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where should the DC SPD be installed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common locations include the combiner box and inverter DC input. Long cable routes or exposed systems may require coordinated SPDs at more than one location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which standard applies to photovoltaic DC SPDs in Spain?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNE-EN 61643-31 is the principal Spanish standard covering requirements and test methods for SPDs used in photovoltaic installations. The complete installation must also follow the REBT and other applicable technical requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-18099\" rel=\"noopener\">Spain\u2019s Low-Voltage Electrotechnical Regulation \u2013 REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2025-6773\" rel=\"noopener\">2025 Spanish list of standards referenced by the REBT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/26931\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-31: Requirements for PV surge protective devices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/30774\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 61643-32: Selection and application of PV DC SPDs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/65748\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 60364-7-712: Requirements for PV installations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article provides general technical guidance. Final SPD selection and installation should be verified by the responsible project designer or an authorised electrical professional in accordance with current Spanish requirements.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Solar photovoltaic systems are exposed to transient overvoltages caused by nearby lightning activity, switching operations, and disturbances transmitted through connected electrical circuits. These events may damage inverters, monitoring equipment, combiner boxes, and other sensitive components. Choosing the correct DC SPD for solar installations in Spain requires more than matching a device to the nominal system [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4291"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4301,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4291\/revisions\/4301"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}