{"id":3379,"date":"2026-05-27T13:29:59","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T05:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=3379"},"modified":"2026-06-02T09:54:00","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T01:54:00","slug":"copper-vs-silver-electrical-conductivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/blog\/copper-vs-silver-electrical-conductivity\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643. \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a: <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>. \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>.\u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0643. \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 (\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642). \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1012\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1.png\" alt=\"\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\" class=\"wp-image-3380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1.png 1012w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1-768x376.png 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/1-1-600x293.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1012px) 100vw, 1012px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>, \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (IACS)<\/strong>, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f 100% \u0643\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th><th>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 (99.98%)<\/th><th>\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 (99.99%)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 IACS<\/td><td>100% (\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/td><td>106%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (S\/\u0645)<\/td><td>59.6 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><td>63.0 \u00d7 10\u2076<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 (n\u03a9-\u0645)<\/td><td>16.78<\/td><td>15.90<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628)<\/td><td>8.96<\/td><td>10.49<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td><td>1085<\/td><td>961.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0646)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/td><td>~\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 50 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/td><td>\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 6%. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 6% \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 - \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1016\" height=\"492\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629\" class=\"wp-image-3381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2.png 1016w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/2-600x291.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1016px) 100vw, 1016px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>, \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u201c\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong> \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>: \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 (PCBs)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/\">cnkuangya.com<\/a><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong>: \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641\u201d. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>, \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"487\" src=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\" class=\"wp-image-3382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3.png 1010w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3-768x370.png 768w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/3-600x289.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1010px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 19 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 50 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>, \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a 99%\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 (\u0641\u0642\u0637 6% \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u274c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u274c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e (\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06331: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c: \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 6% \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629) \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06332: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c: \u0646\u0639\u0645. \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629) \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 201 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 (1085 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648961.8 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u06335: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction When you think about the backbone of modern electricity, you probably picture power lines, circuit boards, and wiring. What you might not see is the silent debate happening at the material level: copper vs silver electrical conductivity. Many readers want to learn more about the electrical conductivity of copper and silver.These two metals are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3460,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3379"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3386,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3379\/revisions\/3386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3460"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3379"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}