{"id":2576,"date":"2026-03-06T03:46:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-06T03:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/?p=2576"},"modified":"2026-04-24T10:38:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-24T02:38:12","slug":"iec-61643-31-compliant-spd-technical-analysis-and-application-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/blog\/iec-61643-31-compliant-spd-technical-analysis-and-application-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 CNKuangya \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SPD: \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 61643-31 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 (PV) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31:2018 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1500 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 61643-11 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The standard defines multiple voltage parameters that characterize SPD performance. The maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV or Uc) represents the highest RMS or DC voltage that can be continuously applied to the SPD without causing degradation or failure. For PV applications, this value must be carefully selected based on the system’s maximum power point voltage under all operating conditions, including temperature variations and irradiance levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 SPD \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a SPD \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IEC 61643-31 compliant SPDs must demonstrate the ability to handle multiple surge current waveforms that simulate real-world lightning and switching surge scenarios. The nominal discharge current (In) represents the peak current that the SPD can conduct multiple times without performance degradation, typically specified as an 8\/20 \u03bcs waveform. The maximum discharge current (Imax) defines the upper limit of the SPD’s surge handling capability, beyond which permanent damage may occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 SPDs \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a SPD\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a (MOVs)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 SPD \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31. \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a LED \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (SCADA). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a: \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 SPD<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 SPD<\/a>\u062a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a (MOVs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 MOVs \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 (MOV) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 (GDTs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 GDTs \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d GDTs \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 GDT \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 GDTs \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a SPD \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (SADs):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SADs \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 SPD<\/a> stages, each optimized for specific protection objectives. This layered approach, often termed the “zones of protection” concept, ensures that high-energy surges are progressively attenuated as they propagate through the electrical system, with each protection stage handling energy levels appropriate to its technology and location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 SPDs \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 SPDs \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 8\/20 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3 SPDs \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 SPD<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 SPD<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3 SPD<\/th>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a (\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>15-25 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/td>20-40 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u03bcs)<\/td>5-10 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u03bcs)<\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 (Imax)<\/strong><\/td>25-100 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/td>40-120 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/td>10-20 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u03bcs)<\/td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649)<\/strong><\/td>2.5 - 4.0 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>1.5 - 2.5 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>0.8-1.5 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u061b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>< 100 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>< 25 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>< \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (Uc)<\/strong><\/td>1.1-1.45 \u00d7 \u0623\u0648\u0646<\/td>1.1-1.45 \u00d7 \u0623\u0648\u0646<\/td>1.1-1.3 \u00d7 \u0623\u0648\u0646<\/td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 SPD<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633<\/td>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\/\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\/\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647<\/td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647<\/td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647 100-125 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647 32-63 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 IEC 61643 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IEC 61643-11<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u06482 \u06483) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

IEC 61643-12<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a (RCDs). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 62305 (\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IEC 61643-21 \u0648 61643-22 IEC 61643-21 \u0648 61643-22<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u06481500 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IEC 61643-31 \u064861643-32<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 61643-31 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 61643-31 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u064861643-32 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a 3.2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 60364-4-44 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 60364-5-53\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 IEC 60364 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 2015 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a SPD\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 SPD \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 (\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 SPD \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 IEC \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (IEC) \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 EN (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 UL 1449 (\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 IEC 61643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 SPD \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

4. \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

4.1 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f) \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 SPD\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 0.5 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 SPD \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a (In) \u0645\u0646 20-40 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631) \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (Uc) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f 230 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 Uc \u0645\u0646 275-320 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 SPD \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649) \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 2.5 \u06484 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1.5 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proper installation technique significantly impacts SPD performance and reliability. The connection conductors between the distribution board busbars and the SPD terminals should be sized according to the SPD manufacturer’s specifications, typically 6-10 mm\u00b2 for residential applications. Oversized conductors do not improve protection and may increase installation cost and complexity, while undersized conductors can create voltage drop during surge events that reduces protection effectiveness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 SPD \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 (TN-S \u0623\u0648 TN-C-S \u0623\u0648 TN-C-S \u0623\u0648 TT \u0623\u0648 IT) \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 TN-S\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 3+1 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 TT\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 SPD \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a (RCD) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 SPD \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1+2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 SPD \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f (\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629). \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 SPD\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 15 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a (BMS) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (EMS). \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.3 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 1: \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c 230 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0645 20 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 100 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 30 \u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 RCD \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0633 MCBs \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SPD:<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 SPD\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 1 \u0642\u0637\u0628 + N\u060c In = 40 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)\u060c Imax = 80 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2264 1.5 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c Uc = 275 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628:<\/em> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a SPD \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 C 32 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SPD. \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628: \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f:<\/em> \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 SPD \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a $250-250T\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 $100-150. \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 $50,000 (\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 $10,000\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 2: \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 (\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c 400 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 250 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SPD:<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1+2 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c SPD\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 3+1 (3 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 + \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f)\u060c In = 25 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631) \/ 50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631)\u060c Imax = 100 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u2264 2.0 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c Uc = 320 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628:<\/em> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a SPD \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 125 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 SPD \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/em> \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 DIN \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

5. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 SPD: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a SPD \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 120\/230 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631 208\/400\/480 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a 208\/400\/480 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td><\/tr>
\u0646\u0648\u0639 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1+2 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1+2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642<\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 SPD<\/strong><\/td>1+1 (L+N) \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f + N<\/td>3+1 (3L+N) \u0623\u0648 3+0 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0627)<\/td>\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/strong><\/td>20-40 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (8\/20 \u03bcs)<\/td>25-50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 (10\/350 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1)<\/td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 + \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 + \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 + \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>32-63 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 MCB \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>63-125 \u0623\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0631 MCB \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a (LED\/\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629)<\/td>\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f<\/td>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u064b\u0627<\/td>\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 TT\u061b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 RCD \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>Ensures SPD operation doesn’t compromise ground fault protection<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/td>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646<\/td>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/strong><\/td>$200-400 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 + \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629)<\/td>$800-3,000+ \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/td>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a + \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f<\/td>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>IEC 60364-5-5-53\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 60364-5-53\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/strong><\/td>10-15 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>5-10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/td>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

6. \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628: SPD \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\/\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 SPD:<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 SPD \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 SPD<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644:<\/strong> \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 SPD<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 RCD:<\/strong> \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d MCB \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 SPD<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 (\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.5 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b) \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a (6-10 \u0645\u0645\u00b2 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u060c 10-25 \u0645\u0645\u00b2 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 SPD \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 SPD \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a SPD \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n

      7. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      7.1 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 SPD<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u06331: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-11\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1500 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-11 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 1000 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 (\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631) \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u06332: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0639 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 SPD \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 SPD \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 1+2 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 20 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 3 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-12 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 62305-2 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u06333: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 SPD\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.2 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u06334: \u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 SPD\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0635 SPD \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0637\u0644 (\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f) \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0644 10-15 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0633 5: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 SPD\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 SPD \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 SPD \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.5 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (6 \u0645\u0645\u00b2 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u060c \u064810-16 \u0645\u0645\u00b2 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629). \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u06336: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 SPD \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 SPD \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.3 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u06337: \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPDs \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0628) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 SPD \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 SPD \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u06338: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and battery storage systems introduce additional surge protection challenges due to their exposure to lightning (rooftop or elevated mounting), DC electrical systems, and bidirectional power flow. IEC 61643-31 and 61643-32 specifically address PV system protection, requiring SPDs on both the DC side (between PV array and inverter) and AC side (between inverter and distribution board). The DC-side SPDs must be rated for the system’s maximum open-circuit voltage, which can exceed 1000V in large commercial installations, and must be capable of interrupting DC fault current without relying on natural current zero-crossings. Battery storage systems require similar DC-side protection, with SPDs rated for the battery system voltage. Proper protection system design requires coordination between AC and DC SPDs, integration with the facility’s main distribution board protection, and consideration of earthing and bonding requirements for the renewable energy equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      8. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 SPD \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 SPD\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 $200-400 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 61643-31 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 CNKuangya\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 CNKuangya \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • IEC 61643-31:2018 – Low-voltage surge protective devices \u2013 Part 31: Requirements and test methods for SPDs for photovoltaic installations<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • IEC 61643-11:2011 – Low-voltage surge protective devices \u2013 Part 11: Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • IEC 60364-5-53:2015 – Low-voltage electrical installations \u2013 Part 5-53: Selection and erection of electrical equipment \u2013 Isolation, switching and control<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • IEC 62305 Series – Protection against lightning<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \"\"<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        By CNKuangya Senior Engineer Executive Summary SPD: electrical systems become increasingly sophisticated and vulnerable to transient over voltages, the implementation of IEC 61643-31 compliant Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) has evolved from a recommended practice to an essential requirement. This comprehensive analysis examines the technical specifications, regulatory framework, and practical applications of IEC 61643-31 compliant SPDs, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surge-protection-lightning-safety"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2576"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2576\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2579,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2576\/revisions\/2579"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnkuangya.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2576"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}